iB 953 
L85 
:opy 1 



fNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BULLETIN No. 1027 < 

Contribntion from the Bureau of Chemistry 
W. G. CAMPBELL, AcUng Chief 



Washington, D. C. 



April 17, 1922 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED 
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 



BY 

W. D. LYNCH, Assistant Chemist, C. C. McDONNELL, Chief, Insecticide 
and Fungicide Laboratory, and J. K. HAYWOOD, Chief, Miscellaneous 
Division, Bureau of Chemistry; A. L. QUAINTANCE, Entomologist in 
Charge, Fruit Investigations, Bureau of Entomology; and M. B. WAITE, 
Pathologist in Charge, Fruit-Disease Investigations, Bureau of Plant 
Industry > 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Purpoas of InTestlgatlon 1 

Results of Previous Investigations ..1 

Experimental Worit 16 

Results of Experimental Work "..... 18 

Summary ........68 

Uteratore Cited ^ , S8 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1922 



^ X 



f LiBRyvwr OF congress" 









UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 




J BULLETIN No. 1027 | 



J^^-^LTi. 



Cuntribution from the Bureau of Chemistry 
W. G. CAMPBKLL, Acting Chief 




Washington, D. C. 



April 17, 1922 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND 

VEGETABLES. 

By W. D. Lynch, Assistant Chemist, C. C. McDonnell, Chief, Insecticide and 
Fungicide Laboratory, and J. K. Haywood, Chief, Miscellaneous Division, Bureau 
of Chemistry: A. L. Quaintance, Entomologist in Charge, Fruit Investigations, 
Bureau of Entomology; and M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge, Fruit-Disease 
Investigatio7is, Bureau of Plant Industry.^ 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Purpose of investigation 1 

Results o( previous investigations 1 

Experimental work 16 



Results of experimental work 18 

Summary 58 

Literature cited 58 



PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION. 

In the spring of 1915 a cooperative study was undertaken in the 
United States Department of Agriculture to ascertain the amounts 
of arsenic, lead, and copper remaining on fruits and vegetables 
treated with poisonous sprays. The spraying was done under the 
direction of the Bureau of Entomology and the Bureau of Plant 
Industry, and the chemical work by the Bureau of Chemistry. The 
plan was to spray various fruit trees and vegetables according to 
accepted schedules, and also with excessive amounts of material to 
determine how much of the metals may be present under adverse 
conditions. In case the investigation showed that poisonous metals 
remained on the fruit in amounts which might prove injurious to 
the consumer, the results would constitute a basis for so changing 
or regulating the spraying schedules as to eliminate this danger. 

RESULTS OF PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. 

Arsenical compounds first appeared as insecticides in the United 
States (63)* about 18G0, when Paris green was used to check the 



> Credit is due to John O. Fairehild and Wilbur A. Gersdorfl for assistance in the analj-tical work re- 
ported in this paper. 
' Figures in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, pp. 58 to C6. 
7M3S— 22— Bull. 1027 1 



2 BULLETIN 1027, V. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

ravages of the Colorado potato beetle. In 1872 Le Baron (70) sug- 
gested the application of Paris green to fruit trees to combat the 
spring cankerworm, but Lodeman (75) states that only a few of the 
most progressive orchardists adopted arsenical spraying against 
the codling moth until after the establishment of the State agri- 
cultural experiment stations resulting from the passage of the Hatch 
Act in 1887. 

The question soon arose as to the possible danger to the consumer 
from the use of potatoes the vines of which had been treated with 
a poisonous compound, such as Paris green. One of the first in- 
vestigators of this subject, Kedzie, in 1872 (64) and 1875 (65), con- 
cluded "that there is but very little danger of the potato tuber 
being poisoned so as to endanger the health of the consumer. Ar- 
senic is equalh' deleterious to the vegetable as well as the animal 
system. If added in dangerous quantity to the plant, the plant 
dies, no potatoes are formed." McMurtrie (78) detected no arsenic 
in potatoes which had been subjected to applications of Paris green. 

Lodeman (75) states that London purple was recommended as 
an insecticide in 1877. Cook (26), who sprayed apple trees on 
May 25 and June 20, 1880,. at the rate of 1 pound of London purple 
to 100 gallons of water, reported that 100 blossom ends cut from the 
sprayed trees on August 19 showed no trace of arsenic. He proved 
also (27) that it took but a very small amount of the arsenites to 
kill potato beetles, currant slugs,, and cabbage caterpillars, and 
discovered that the poison was retained on plants sheltered from 
rain for 10 to 20 days. He concluded that it was safe to use Paris 
green or London purple on trees the fruit from which would not be 
eaten for four or five weeks after the application. 

Wheeler (132), in 1888, reported that it was safe in California, where 
rainless summers prevail, to spray vines with Paris green. When the 
vines were sprayed with 1 pound of Paris green to 16 gallons of water, 
"ten times as strong as the solution recommended for general use," 
Rising (114), the State analyst, found only traces of arsenic on the 
grapes and none in the wine made therefrom. 

Objection was offered to the use of arsenicals, on the ground that 
they frequently caused more or less injury to the foliage. Gillette 
(58), however, found that "lime added to London purple or Paris 
green in water greatly lessens the injury that these poisons would 
otherwise do to foliage." W^eed (129) recommended applying 
insecticides and fungicides together, and Gillette (58) showed that 
London purple can be used at least eight or ten 'times as strong 
without injury to foliage if applied in common Bordeaux mixture 
instead of in water. Gillette (59) stated, in 1891, that a mixture of 1 
ounce of Paris green to 100 ounces of flour was the most eflFectual 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPnAYKD FIU'lTS AND Vi:( IKTAi'-I.KS. 3 

roniotly ajijaiiisl llu^ cal)!)!!!;*" worm, applying ''just onuugh to make a 
slight show of (hist upon the leaves. " These discoveries were quickly 
adopted in j)ractice, and arsenicals were generally aivcpted as the 
best destroyers of external chewing insects. 

The most important insecticides recommended, other than I^iris 
green and London purple, were Scheele's green (113) in 1875, white 
arsenic plus lime t,()7) in 1S91, and lead arsenate (40) in 1893. L'ntil 
recently Paris green and lead arsenate have been the most extensively 
used, but calcium arsenate, now on the market, promises to become 
one of the leading arsenical insecticides. 

The use of Bordeaux mixture originated in France near the city of 
Medoc. Viticulturists noticed that the vines near the highways, 
which had been sprinkled with a paste of milk of lime and copper 
sulphate to prevent thieving, did not suffer from mildew. Prof. 
Millai-det, in 1882, attributed the benelicial action to copj)cr, and later 
proposed a mixture of copjjcr sulphate, lime, and water, since known as 
Bordeaux mixture (88) (89). The mixture was immediately accepted 
not only in France but in the Ignited States, where F. Lamson 
Scribner (116) was probably the first to publish a formula for it as a 
result of the work in France. Its use has been extended to the preven- 
tion of so many plant diseases that to-day it is perhaps the most 
important fungicide. 

When copper compounds were recommended as fungicides, the 
fpiestion arose as to whether or not spraying with them would leave 
a dangerous amount of copper on the grapes or in the wine. 

Perrett (107) stated, in 1885, that there would be no danger of 
introducing copper into wine made from grapes sprayed with copper 
salts, because the hydrogen sulphid formed during fermentation 
would precipitate the copper as the insoluble sulphid. Quantin (HI), 
in 1886, concluded that the reduction of the sulphate of copper by the 
ferments was sufhcient to effect the total elimination of the copper 
in wine, but that aeration of the lees which inclosed the precipitated 
sulphid of copper should be avoided. Chuard (23) announced in 1887 
that the copper was present in the must as copper malate, but that it 
was precipitated during fermentation as the sulphid and tartrate. 

In October, 1885, Millardet and Gayon (90) obtained the following 
amounts of copper from vines that had been sprayed with Bordeaux 
mixture in July: 

Fro^li leaves (mg. per kgm.) 19. 1-95. 5 

\ine brandies (nig. per kgm.) 5. 8 

(irape stalks (ing. per kgm.) 15. 0-18. 6 

Marcs (ing. i)or kgm.) 11- 1-21. 9 

Musts (mg. per liter) 10- 2. 2 

Wines (mg. per lit,( r), fr jiii doubtful traces lu less than 0-1 



4 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The same authors, in 1886, report (56) the following amounts of 
copper at vintage from vines treated with various copper mixtures: 

Grapes (mg. per kgm.) 0. 2-12. 6 

Must ( mg. per liter) 0-11. 8 

Wine (mg. per liter) Fraction. 

Examination of wines from different places in the southwest of 
France showed the presence of copper in the following amounts : 

First wines: 

White (mg. per liter), less than 0. 01-1. 

Red (mg. per liter), less than 01-2. 8 

Second Avines (sweet wines) (mg. per liter) 01- . 3 

Press wine (mg. per liter) 05-1. 7 

Piquettes: 

Normal (mg. per liter) 0-0. 75 

Sour (mg. per liter), less than 01- 1. 6 

They attributed the absence of copper in wine to the action of the 
fermentation, the tannin and sulphur added to the wines before 
fermentation favoring the purification of the wine. 

Crolas and Raulin (28) determined the amount of copper in the 
products of vines that had been treated six weeks to two months 
before vintage with different preparations containing copper, and 
found copper in the following amounts: 

Grapes (mg. per kgm. ) 1. 5- 3. 5 

Marcs (mg. per kgm.) 9- 12. 8 

Lees (mg. per kgm.) 49. 0-130. 

Piquettes (mg. per liter) 0- .14 

Wines (mg. per liter) 0- .36 

Other investigators who have determined the amount of copper in 
wine (8) (16) (25) (29) (36) (41) (42) (45) (79) (104) (108) (118) 
(134) agree that the amount found in every instance was too small to 
be harmful. 

C. L. Penny (105) reported, in 1889, 2.4 and 6.2 parts of copper per 
million for grapes that had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and 
1 to 1.3 parts of copper per million for unsprayed grapes. These 
amounts were less than those found in some common articles of food. 
In 1890 (106) grapes so heavily sprayed that '' either the appearance or 
the taste of the fruit would have condemned it on the market" were 
shown by Penny to contain about 47 parts of copper per million, 
"less than has been found in some articles of food admitted to be 
healthful, as beef liver." 

In order to determine "whether there is any danger to be appre- 
hended from eating grapes which have been sprayed with the Bor- 
deaux mixture and other copper solutions," Galloway and Fairchild 
(47) gathered grapes from a plat which had been sprayed eight times 
with Bordeaux mixture. "The last spraying was made on these 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYKU FRUITS AND VKtiKTABLES. 5 

vines July 30, aiul l)otween that date and August 28, the date of 
harvest, only a few slight rains had fallen. The fruit showed the 
mixture plainly, more pronouncedly in fact than any treated grapes 
seen in the market. One kilogram of tlie clusters (2^ pounds), includ- 
ing the stems, which appeared to have the greater part of the copi)er, 
* * * yielded 0.005 gram (0.077 grain) of metallic copper," on 
analysis, about 0.035 grain of copper per pound of grapes. 

In September, 1891, the Board of Health of New York City seized 
a (juantity of grapes some of which had been heavily oversprayed 
with Bordeaux mixture (46). The following results of analysis of 
the most lieavily sprayed bunches of grapes obtainable from the 
vineyards from which the grapes seized had come were reported (128) : 

(1) The amount of copper, estimated as metallic copper, found on the berries was 
very constant in the different samples, averaging 1/120 grain for each pound of fruit 
(berries and stems). 

(2) The amount of copper, estimated as metallic copper, found on the stems varied 
from 1/90 to 1/14 grain for each pound of fruit (berries and sterns^ and averaged 1/30 
grain. 

(3) If the copper were on the berries in the form of sulphate of copper, each pound 
of berries would contain about 1/30 grain of copper sulphate. 

(4) As a matter of fact, copper, when found upon sprayed grapes in New York State, 
exists, not in the form of a sulphate, but in the form of a carbonate or hydroxid, both 
of which are not readily soluble and would, therefore, be even less dangerous than if 
present in the form of sulphate of copper. Most of the copper found was on the sterna, 
and the rest of the copper was on the outside of the skin of the berries, which most people 
do not eat. 

(5) The results obtained from estimating by chemical analysis the amount of copper 
on grapes, which were selected as being the worst sprayed that could be found, there- 
fore, seem to justify the assertion that it is simply an absolute impossi))ility for a person 
to get enough copper from eating grapes to exert upon the health any injurious effect 
whatever. 

According to Popenoe and Mason (109), "as much of the fruit 
(grapes) at the time of ripening showed a greenish-blue discoloration 
from the deposit of lime and copper, which had been applied twice 
since a rain had fallen, some persons feared that it might be poison- 
ous." Analysis of those grapes showing the heaviest deposit gave for 
combined stems and berries 0.00188 per cent copper, or 0.52 grain of 
copper sulphate per pound of grapes. "A short time after this sample 
was taken a heavy shower washed off so much of the deposit that 
little of the remaining fruit was injured in appearance." Wheeler 
(131) found only slight traces of copper on grapes that had been 
sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Alwood (6) reported no copper, or 
only traces, on grapes that had been sprayed with copper mixtures, 
and concluded "that these fungicides are perfectly harmless to con- 
sumers of the treated fruit." Maynard (84) reported that only 
0.002 per cent of copper oxid was found on grapes which had been so 
heavily sprayed with Bordeaux as to be badly disfigured and that no 



6 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

trace of copper could he found on grapes which had been properly 
sprayed with copper mixtures. From this it would seem " that even 
under the most careless use of the copper solutions, no injurious 
effects need be feared, and that when properly applied there will not 
be a trace of copper left upon the fruit at harvesting." 

In 1S92 the United States Department of Agriculture (9) published 
the following: 

We take the ground that fruit sprayed with the copper compouuds in accordance 
■with the directions of the department is harmless. * * * For five years the 
copper compounds have been used by hundreds and thousands of fruit growers in 
e^ery part of the United States, yet in all that time not a single authenticated case of 
poisoning, so far as we are aware, has lieen brought to light. * * * Accepting, 
then, 0.5 gram as the maximum amount of copper in any of the forms discussed that 
may with safety be daily absorbed, * * * that grapes sprayed intelligently rarely 
contain more than 5 milligrams (0.005 gram) of copper per kilogram, the average be- 
ing from 2h to 3 milligrams per kilogram, * * * an adult may eat from 300 to 500 
pounds of sprayed grapes per day without fear of ill effects from the copper. This 
shows how ridiculously absurd are the statements that fruits properly sprayed with 
-the Bordeaux mixture or any other copper compound are poisonous. * * * 

According to numerous analyses, wheat may contain from 4 to 10 milligrams of cop- 
per per kilogram. * * * "We do not see how any foreign country can logically 
object to American fruits on the ground that they co.itain copper without also ob- 
jecting to wheat. 

Wheat, however, does not contain anything like as much copper as some other foods 
and drinks. Beef liver and sheep liver, according to reliable and repeated analyses, 
contain, respectively, from 56 to 58 and 35 to 41 milligrams of metallic copper per kilo- 
gram of fresh substance, while in chocolate the enormous amount of 125 milligrams to 
the kilogram has been found. In conclusion, it is o Iv necessary to call attention to 
one other matter to show how unjust and discriminating it would be to condemn 
American fruits on the ground that they contain copper in unwholesome quantities. 
Analyses of vegetables that have been regreened by the copper process show that they 
may contain from two to sixty times as much of the metal as sprayed grapes. 

In this connection the presence of copper reported in various 
foodstuffs in the following amounts is of interest: 

From 4 to 10 milligrams per kilogram in wheat (43); 56 to 58 milligrams per kilo- 
gram in beef liver (105); about 40 milligrams per kilogram in sheep liver (35) (100); 
from 5.6 to 20.8 (44) and from 5 to 125 (31) milligrams per kilogram in chocolate; from 
11.2 to 29.2 (44) and from 9 to 40 (31) milligrams per kilogram in cocoa; from 35 to 250 
milligrams per kilogram in cocoa shells (31). Instances are cited (77) where as much 
as 270 milligrams of copper per kilo was found in French peas that had been sub- 
jected to the regreening process. Tschirch stated (127) that copper is widely distrib- 
uted in plant and animal bodies, always, however, in small amounts; that it enters 
the animal bodies through food and dust; but that the presence of copper in the bodies 
of man and other higher animals is not to be considered as "normal." He stated 
further that plants absorb only small amounts of copper from the ground; that no 
danger to health need he expected from the consumption of wine from sprayed grapes 
or of potatoes from sprayed fields, and that even the must of coppered grapes may be 
eaten and the skins (containing 0.006 gram of copper per kilo) used as fodder; that 
spraying with copper against fungous diseases might be continued without fear of 
harm; that only very small (juantities of the copper compounds entering the mouth 



i 



POISOXOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FPvUITS AND VEGETABLES. 7 

are taken up by the blood, and poisoning can occur only if the necessary quantity 
enters the circulation; and that to forbid copper in foods and drinks is to forbid those 
plants which take it up from the ground, and also to designate the use of bread and 
chocolate as dangerous to the health. 

Lehmann reported the following amounts of copper per kilogram 
in various plant and animal substances: In wheat, 7.5 milligrams; 
in cherries, 1.5 milligrams; in pears, 0.5 milligram; and in beef liver, 
from 6.4 to 59 milligrams (71) (73). He stated (72) that the species 
of the plant had far less influence than the quantity of the copper in 
the soil on the amount taken up by the plant. 

In 1891 objections to the use of American apples because of the 
presence on them of arsenic were made in certain British journals. 
However, Maynard (85), Munson (97), and Fletcher (38) proved 
that the objection had no basis in fact, and later (10) (103) (126) it 
became apparent that such objections to sprayed fruit in England 
were neither very general nor very deep-seated. 

Table 1 shows the amount of arsenic and copper found by R. C. 
Kedzie (66) on fruit sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and London 
purple in 1892 and 1893. 

Table 1. — Arsenic and copper on fruit sprayed in 1892 and 1893 with Bordeaux mixture 
and London purple (Kedzie). 



Fruit. 



Date sprayed. 



Date 
picked. 



Spray used. 



AS2O3. CuSOi.SHjO. 



Strawberries. 
Do 



Red cherries. 
Do 



White cherries 
Red currants . 
Raspberries... 



G ooseberries . 



Do. 
Pears... 



Do 

Russian cherries. 

Plums 



1892. 
June 18,23. 



-do. 



June IS, 30. 
do 



June 30. 



Mav 25, June 

7; 18, 30. 
June 6, 28, 

July 8. 

June IS, 29, 
July 8, 22. 

do 

June 15, July 
7, 21, Aug. 7. 

1893. 

Mav 15, June 

12, July 10. 

May 14, June 

16, IS, July 

15. 

do ". 



1892. 
June 24 



.do. 



July 6 
...do 



July 1 
July 8 
July 20 

Aug. 2 



...do.. 
Sept. 



6-4-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound Lon- 
don purple, 200 gallons water. 

2-1J-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound 
London purple, 200 gallons 
water. 

6-4-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound Lon- 
don purple, 200 gallons water. 

2-1^-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound 
London purj'le, 200 gallons 
water. 

6-4-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound Lon- 
don purple, 200 gallons water. 

London purple 



2-li-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound 
London purple, 200 gallons 
water. 

6-4-32 Bordeaux, 1 pound Lon- 
don purple, 200 gallons water. 

do 

do 



No London purple, 2-2-32 Bor- 
deaux. 

First 3 dates, 2-2-32 Bordeaux; 
last date, "eauceleste." 



.do. 



Grains per pound 
0.0440 



.0882 
.0250 

.1210 
.0503 
.0098 

.0233 

.0372 

.0088 



4.870 
1.821 

.390 
.252 



.028 



.362 
.0738 



.100 
.147 

.200 



The skins from 1 pound of the sprayed pears gave 0.106 grain and 
the flesh gave 0.071 grain of copper sulphate, '^showing that while 
most of the copper salt adheres to the surface, a portion finds its 
way into the body of the fruits." 



8 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

In 1893 Davis (30) reported the determinations of arsenic on 
celery that had been sprayed with Paris green at the rate of 1 pound 
to 175 gallons of water. The results, obtained on the celery washed 
without separating the stalks and prepared as for market, were as 
follows: Sprayed once, 0.0244 grain of arsenious oxid per pound of 
celery; sprayed twice, 0.0368 grain of arsenious oxid per pound of 
celery. 

In 1893 Beach reported (12) the presence of from 0.00042 to 0.001 
per cent of copper in celery that had been sprayed with Bordeaux 
or ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, and 0.00081 per cent in 
unsprayed celery, concluding that "these investigations show that 
when this sprayed celery was stripped and ready for market the 
sprayed plants were no more poisonous than the unsprayed." 

In 1894 Kinney (68) stated that the skins and stems of pears 
which had been sprayed five times with Bordeaux mixture (6 pounds 
of copper sulphate, 4 pounds of lime, and 22 gallons of water), and 
upon which the spray was still visible at harvest contained only 
0.016 grain of copper oxid per pear, for which reason no serious 
objection to this treatment could be raised from a hygienic stand- 
point. 

In 1894 Garman reported (49) that the skins and ends of six apples 
from a tree that had' been sprayed once with London purple and five 
times with Paris green at the rate of 1 pound to 160 gallons of water 
showed on analysis no arsenic and only an unweighable amount of 
copper. The flesh and cores of these apples gave no reaction for 
arsenic or copper. He reported also (50) that cured tobacco which 
had been sprayed with arsenites. at the rate of 1 pound to 160 gallons 
of water, gave on analysis 0.077 grain of arsenious oxid and 0.042 
grain of copper oxid per pound with one spraying with Paris green; 
0.133, 0.259, and 0.329 grain of arsenious oxid and 0.126, 0.210, and 
0.322 grain of copper oxid per pound with two sprayings with Paris 
green; and 0.245 grain of arsenious oxid per pound with two spray- 
ings with London purple. Later (1904) this author stated (51) that 
arsenites such as Paris green can be used on cabbage without leaving 
a trace sufficient for recognition by the chemist. In 1901, cabbages 
which had been sprayed with Paris green or lead arsenate showed on 
analysis 'traces of poison present." In 1902, and again in 1903, 
spraj^ed cabbages were analyzed, but the chemist "was unable to find 
a trace of poison present." 

In 1897 Teyxeira (123) found from 20 to 50 milligrams of copper 
in 1 kilogram of juice from tomatoes that had been sprayed with 
copper sulphate, and none after treatment with Bordeaux, unless 
the skin was cracked. He stated that the copper sulphate penetrates 
the skin into the flesh, but that the copper-lime mixture does not. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 9 

In 1898 Hoffmann reported (62) the presence of from 0.0046 to 
0.0128 gram of copper per liter in wines, but failed to give the history 
of the samples. Later he reported 0.00096 and 0.0058 gram of copper 
per liter in wine. 0.0028 and 0.0056 gram of copper per liter in must, 
0.0027 and 0.0045 gram of copper per liter in grape-skin wine, and 
0.053 gram of copper per 100 grams in the grape skins. 

Selby found (117) 0.0004 gram of copper per 100 grams of grapes 
to be the maximum amount on the samples he examined. To show 
that sprayed grapes can be safely used for making wine he cites 
Kriiger (69), " that in the different musts different amounts of copper, 
at the beginning of fermentation, or just before the beginning, enter 
into an insoluble and consequently an inert (copper) compound, in 
consequence of the presence of greater or less amounts of organic 
acids. From this condition it is likely that the copper of the must, 
arising from the spraying of the grapes, is without any importance 
for the wine." 

Gibbs and James (57) reported that 292 of 352 samples of wine 
examined contained no arsenic, 58 contained from a trace to 1 part 
in 8,000,000, 1 contained 1 part in 5,000,000, and another 1 part in 
2,500,000. They stated also that of 200 samples of wine examined 
by C. S. Ash the three highest in arsenic contained 1 part in 6,000,000, 
1 part in 8,000,000, and 1 part in 14,000,000. ''The most probable 
sources of the major part of that found are arsenical sprays when used 
upon the vines, sulphur burned for the purpose of sulphuring the 
wines and receptacles, and perhaps to some extent the lead shot used 
in cleaning the bottles." A sample of sulphur from a California 
winery was found to contain arsenic in the proportion of 1 part in 
5,000. It is not stated whether these wines were the product of 
sprayed vines. 

In 1906 Roger Mares (82) reported that he found no trace of 
arsenic in wine from a vine treated a month before grape gathering 
with a copper-arsenical mixture, and he accordingly continued to 
recommend this combined mixture as a spray for the vines in Algiers; 
The same year Von der Heide (61) reported the results shown in 
Table 2 on products of vines that had been sprayed with lead arse- 
nate. 
Table 2. — Metals on j^roducts of vines sprayed ivith lead arsenate {Von der Heide). 



Arsenic. Lead. Copper 




Grapes (bunches) (milligrams per 100 grams). . . 
Grapes (individual) (milligrams per 100 grams) . 

Stems (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Leaves (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Grape skins (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Must ( milligrams per 100 grams) 

Fall wine (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Spring wine (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Wet lees (milligrams per 100 grams) 

Dry lees (milligrams per 100 grams) 



0.7 

.3 

10.6 

48.0 



27 



':!-}• 



.2 

4.8 
20.7 



72638— 22— Bull. 1027 2 



10 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The German Imperial Health Commission was opposed to the use 
of lead arsenate in the spra5^ing of grapes because arsenic and lead 
were found in the wine. 

In 1907 Szameitat (121) (122) .reported the following results of 
analyses of musts, wines, and grapes from vines sprayed with arsenic 
compounds: From a trace to 0.9 milligram of arsenic in 300 grams of 
grapes; none to 0.14 milligram of arsenic in 300 cubic centimeters of 
must; none, or only a trace in 300 cubic centimeters of wine. Of 38 
samples of German wine examined, 24 showed small amounts of arse- 
nic, the largest amount being 0.05 milligram in 100 cubic centimeters 
of wine. The source of arsenic was not identified. 

The use of arsenic compounds for the destruction of insects that 
devastated vines having become more or less general in central 
France, in spite of the fact that the French ordinance of 1846 pro- 
hibited the use of arsenic for the destruction of insects, the question 
arose as to the danger of such use. 

In 1907 Bertin-Sans and Ros (14), who were among the first in 
France to publish an answer to this question, found less than 0.001 
milligram of arsenic in 145 grams of unripe grapes gathered one 
month after spraying with sodium arsenate, and 0.002, 0.001, 0.030, 
and 0.040 milligram of arsenic per liter in wine from arsenical 
treated vines. These investigators stated that ag sheep and cows 
were not admitted to the sprayed vines and were not fed the sprayed 
foliage until after harvest there was no danger to these animals, but 
that rabbits and snails might be poisoned by eating sprayed foliage, 
and, since snails can tolerate a fairly large amount of arsenic, persons 
should refrain from eating them during the spraying season. As lead 
is a cumulative poison, it was considered more prudent to use arsen- 
icals other than lead arsenate, although no data existed to show that 
there was danger in the use of lead arsenate as an insecticide. Bertin- 
Sans and Ros believed that the chief danger in the use of arsenicals 
arose from mistakes due to carelessness and that if suitable regula- 
tions were enforced no danger was to be feared. Since the ordinance 
of 1846 was a dead letter, it seemed to them much better to have the 
arsenicals handled under definite regulations. In 1908 (15) they 
stated that as they had found only traces of arsenic in wine from 
vines sprayed with arsenicals, there was no ground for the fear that 
the arsenic would pass into the wine if the vines had been sprayed 
before the grapes were in bloom. 

In 1909 Truelle (125) (126) concluded that the advantages of 
arsenical spraying were so great that its use under regulation should 
be authorized in France. 

Cazeneuve (21), thinking that the use of arsenical insecticides was 
a serious menace to the public health, asked (1908) for the strict en- 
forcement of the ordinance of 1846. Riche (112) and Gautier (52), 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 11 

on the other hand, beUeved that the use of arsenicals, with the ex- 
ception of lead arsenate, should be permitted in agriculture, but only 
under proper regulation. 

In 1909, a committee appointed by the Academy of Medicine (1) 
(21) (112) to study this question recommended (96) the strict en- 
forcement of the ordinance, thus causing a very lively discussion. 
Weiss (130), believing that the committee did not have sufficient 
evidence to substantiate its recommendation, proposed a medical 
investigation, this proposal being adopted (2) and sent to the min- 
ister of the interior as the advice of the academy. A year later the 
academy asked (32) that a new investigation, essentially medical, 
be carried on for two years, and, to avoid accidents, recommended 
strict regulations in the use of arsenicals and the complete exclusion 
of lead arsenate. The direction of the investigation was to be in- 
trusted to the councils of hygiene and the sanitary commissions of 
each department, after consultation with the professors of agricul- 
ture (33). In 1911, dissatisfied with the lack of enforcement of its 
suggestions, the academy decided (34) to recall to the public powers 
the conditions the}^ had recommended as to tKe use of arsenicals in 
agriculture. Malvy, undersecretary of state, stated (80) that since 
the investigation conducted by the minister of the interior had dis- 
closed no accident, either among the workers who handled the ar- 
senicals or among the consumers, to prohibit the use of lead arsenate 
would be to impose useless annoyances on merchants and viticul- 
turists. In 1913 the minister of the interior submitted to the Acade- 
my of Medicine a draft of a decree carrying modifications of the ordi- 
nance of 1846, permitting the use of insoluble arsenicals in agri- 
culture (3). 

After much discussion (.5) (22) (53) (54) (76), articles 9 and 10 of 
the draft, authorizing the use of arsenicals in agriculture under speci- 
fied regulations, were adopted by the academy (4) (5), with the recom- 
mendation" that the order of the minister of agriculture dealing with 
the precautions to be taken in their use should apply to all arsenicals 
and not merely to lead arsenate, *and article 11, which prohibited the 
sale and use of soluble arsenic salts, was amended to permit their 
sale when ''denatured" (5). The academy also voted (5) that the 
public powers be requested to take every means to inform the public 
of these regulations and to impose penalties for their infraction, and 
that the Government be requested to encourage researches to find 
substitutes for arsenicals. The French decree authorizing the use of 
insoluble arsenicals in agriculture, under regulation (81), and the 
minister of agriculture's instructions for the sale and use of these 
arsenical compounds were published in 1916 (86). The sale and 
use of soluble arsenicals as insecticides were prohibited. 

Breteau (17) analyzed 15 samples of wine from vines sprayed with 
arsenicals, finding from none to 0.04 milligram of arsenic per liter in 



12 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 



12 of the samples and 0.1, 0.1, and 0.2 milligram of arsenic per liter 
in the other three. He attributed the higher content of arsenic in 
the last three samples to the fact that the wines had been sulphured. 
If, as held by Gautier and Clausmann (55), a normal wine contains 
about 0.01 milligram of arsenic, he felt that the arsenical treatment 
of vines will introduce into the wine less than 0.03 milligram of 
arsenic per liter. Mestrezat (87) considered that the only danger 
from the use in viticulture of arsenical insecticides occurs when 
they are placed near other substances which resemble them so closely 
as to be easily mistaken for them. In 1906 Forbes (39) reported 
36.6 and 32.9 parts of arsenious oxid per million in peelings of apples 
sprayed the preceding day with lead arsenate and 40.1 parts of 
arsenious oxid per million in peelings of apples gathered two months 
after being sprayed heavily with lead arsenate. He considered that 
lead arsenate could be substituted for the more common insecticide 
sprays if discretion were exercised in its use. In 1910 Giinther (60) 
reported the results given in Table 3 on fruits that had been sprayed 
once with a mixture containing 300 grams of sodium arsenite and 
425 grams of lead acetate per 100 liters. 

Table 3. — Residue on. fruits sprayed once v>ith mixture containing oOO grams of sodium 
arsenite and 4-^,5 grams of lead acetate per 100 liters {Giinther). 



Days 
elapsed 
after spray- 
ing. 




Lead. 



Gooseberries 
Currants. . . 

Pears 

Apples 

Do 



39 

39 

80-106 

80-106 

80-106 



MiUigrams per 100 
grams. 



1.000 
7. 140 
. 129 
.074 
.057 



2. 16 
16.70 



Trace. 

con 



He reported the results given in Table 4 on fruits dusted once 
with a mixture consisting of 2 parts of freshly slaked lime, 4 parts 
of sulphur, and 1 part of Paris green. 

Table 4. — Residue on fruits dusted once with'a mixture consisting of 2 parts of freshly 
slaked lime, 4 parts of sulphur, and 1 part of Paris green (Giinther). 





Days 
elapsed 
after dust- 
ing. 


Arsenic. 


Copper. 


Gooseberries.... . . 


39 

39 

39 

39 

80-106 

80-106 

80-106 

80-106 

24 

24 

24 


Milligrar 

qra 

0. 8300 

2. 1200 

1.6100 

1.5300 

.0720 

.0420 

.0084 

.0420 

.2000 

.3200 

.5000 


ns per 100 

VIS. 

0.560 


Do 


.930 


Currants 




Do 


.870 


Pears 


.240 


Apples 


.067 


Do 


.095 


Do 


.011 


Sweet cherries 


.160 


Sour cherries 


.250 


Plums 


Trace. 







POISONOUS METAI.S ON SPKAYED FRUITS AND VE(jIETABLES. 13 

In 1910 Bedini (13) reported from 0.2 to 0.4 milligram of arsenious 
oxid per kilogram in the skins of pears that had been sprayed with 
arsenate of iron, and only a trace of arsenic in the pulp. The same 
year Porchet (110) reported that pears sprayed with lead arsenate 
contained as much as 0.3 milligram of arsenious oxid per kilogram 
in both the pulp and the skin; that the skins of unspra3^ed pears 
contained 0.035 milligram of arsenious oxid per kilogram of fruit; 
that sprayed grapes contained traces of arsenic, apparently the same 
in the interior as on the exterior of the fruit, the highest amount 
obtained being 0.2 milligram per kilogram of grapes; and that the 
traces of arsenic passed from the grapes into the must, but that the 
arsenic was precipitated as sulphid during the fermentation. Chuard 
(24) also found that the arsenic in the must was precipitated as 
sulphid during the fermentation. 

Fetel (37), in 1910, reported that 10 samples of grapes bought on 
the market in Algeria on August 8 and 25, September 1 and 19, and 
October 3 contained an average of 0.038 milligram of arsenic per 
kilogram, while unsprayed grapes, collected on August 8 and 
September 1 and 8, contained no arsenic. Grapes sprayed twice 
before blossoming, with a Bordeaux-sodium-arsenate mixture, and 
gathered on August 10 and 25 and September 5 and 22, contained, 
respectively, 0.185, 0.083, 0.074, and 0.074 milligram of arsenic per 
kilogram. Grapes sprayed twice before fiow^ering with arsenious 
acid and on July 24 with Bordeaux-arsenious-acid mixtures, and 
gathered on July 24 before and after this last spraying, on August 22, 
and on September 15, contained, respectively, 0.05(3, 0.467, 0.149, 
and 0.112 milligram of arsenic per kilogram. 

In 1909 and 1910 Brioux and Griffon (18) found 0.001, 0.001, and 
0.004 milligram of arsenic per kilogram in three lots of pears that 
had been sprayed with a Bordeaux-lead-arsenate mixture. They 
also reported that, although apples which had been sprayed with 
lead arsenate on June 8 and June 22, 1910, contained when ex- 
amined in July 1.3 milligrams of arsenic and 14.2 milligrams of lead 
per kilogram, yet in September, at harvest time, the apples and the 
cider contained no lead and only traces of arsenic. 

Moreau and Vinet (92), in 1910, reported that grapes sprayed 
with lead arsenate on May 27 and June 6 contained, respectively, on 
June 22 and September 14, about 2 and 0.28 milligrams of lead arse- 
nate per bunch, and that 1G5 grams of moist lees contained 1.38 milli- 
grams of lead arsenate, but that the wines contained no lead or arsenic. 
They found (93) that only 1 per cent of the lead arsenate w^hich they 
had applied on May 31 was retained })y the grapes, 0.58 milligram per 
bunch, and that with the development of the grapes a sect)nd spraying 
was necessary on June 14 to control the first generation of the cochylis 
larva. They also found that a spraying on August 6 to control the 



14 BULLETIlsr 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

second generation of this insect adhered mostly to the stems. They 
concluded from other experiments (94) that, since grapes sprayed 
twice with lead arsenate before flowering, on May 31 and June 14, 
showed no lead or arsenic at harvest time, October 15, there would be 
no danger in consuming grapes sprayed so early, but that, since 
grapes sprayed after the flowering period, on August 6, showed 0.40 
milligram of lead arsenate per 100 grams of grapes at harvest time, 
October 27, there might be danger in consuming grapes sprayed so 
late in the season. They reported further (95) that wines from vines 
treated before the flowering period with lead arsenate could be con- 
sumed without danger, since only faint traces of lead and arsenic 
were found in wines from such vines and that the lead and arsenic 
were eliminated during the process of the making of the wine, being 
found principally in the marc and in small amounts in the lees. 

In 1911 Ampola and Tommasi (7) stated that foodstuffs derived 
from plants treated with arsenical compounds always contain arsenic, 
usually in traces, but sometimes as much as 2 milligrams or even more 
per kilogram in fruits and 1.5 milligrams per liter in wine, amounts 
greater than that allowed by the Royal Commission on Arsenical 
Poisoning in England (11) (115). 

In 1912 Muttelet and Touplain (99) reported that the grapes, 
marcs, wines, picjuettes, and lees which came from vines treated 
with lead arsenate contained about the same amount of arsenic as 
was found in the products from vines not treated, that the wines 
and piquettes contained no lead, but that the lees in certain cases 
contained an appreciable quantity of lead, in which cases there w'as 
danger in the consumption of wine or piquette before the deposition 
of the lees, and that grapes sometimes retained on their surface a 
quantity of lead which rendered dangerous their consumption in a 
natural state. The same year Carles and Barthe (20) reported that 
the wines from vines sprayed before the formation of the fruit with 
excess of load arsenate contained only negligible traces of arsenic and 
lead and that those from vines normally treated with lead arsenate 
contained neither arsenic nor lead, but that the lees contained 0.0028 
and 0.0001 gram of arsenic per liter and traces of lead. According to 
Mathieu (83), unsprayed grapes and wines made from them contain 
only traces of arsenic, grapes from vines sprayed with arsenicals 
before flowering contain not more than 0.05 milligram of arsenic per 
kilogram, even in a dry year, red wine made from grapes treated 
with arsenicals in a year of abundant rain contains only a little more 
arsenic than wine made from unsprayed grapes, the amount being 
less than 0.06 milligram per liter, and part of the arsenic in the grapes 
remains in the marc in making red wines, which wines, however, 
should not contain more than 0.05 milligram per liter. In 1914 
Garino (48) stated that the amounts of arsenic met in analyses of 



POISOXOUS METALS OiST SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 15 

wines from grapes subjected to cupro-arsenical treatment are very 
small, being less than the minimum therapeutic dose of 5 milligrams, 
and therefore need cause no alarm. 

In 1913 Spallino (120) found in three samples of snuff 0.16, 0.40, 
and 0.34 milligram of arsenic per 100 grams of dried snuff, and in 
four samples of smoking tobacco 0.08, 1.02, 0.30, and 0.64 milligrams 
of arsenic per 100 grams of dry tobacco. 

Sonntag (119), in 1914, concluded from the results he obtained on 
ripe fruits and leaves treated in 1907 and 1908 with arsenical mix- 
tures that the arsenical sprays or dusts applied to fruit trees and 
bushes adhere to the fruits and are retained by them for a long 
time, in many cases even until the ripening of the fruit. 

O'Gara (101) stated that the skin of apples sprayed with lead 
arsenate may occasionally absorb some arsenic. In such cases the 
skin is likely to develop red or black spots. Analysis of such spotted 
apple skins showed the presence of fractions of a milligram of arsenic. 
Woods (133) reported that apples sprayed with lead arsenate during 
the first week in August, 1913, carried upon their surface, about 
two months after spraying, from one-eighth to one-third milligram 
of lead arsenate per apple. He concludes that "midsummer spraj^- 
ing with lead arsenate is an effective way of combating the brown- 
tail moth," and '' the amount of. arsenic or of lead that will remain at 
harvest upon the apples that are sprayed in midsummer with arsenate 
of lead is so slight as to have no practical bearing." 

In 1916 Trofimenko and Obiedoff (124) reported that grapes 
treated with wet arsenical mixtures under conditions most favorable 
for the continuance of the arsenical salts, both on the grapes ajid in 
the must, yielded unobjectionable wines. No arsenic was found in 
white wine and only 0.0002 gram of arsenious oxid per liter in red wine. 
The lees might be used for extracting the tartar, washing being 
enough to remove the arsenates. Muttelet (98) stated that the 
wine and piquette from vines treated with copper sulphate and lead 
arsenate, even after the formation of the grapes, contained no lead or 
copper, and no more than traces of arsenic. The pomace wine con- 
tained no lead, traces of copper, and 5 milligrams of arsenic per 
hectoliter. The lees contained 500 milligrams of lead. 10 milligrams 
of arsenic, and traces of copper per liter. The air-dried marc con- 
tained 200 milligrams of lead, 0.1 milligram of arsenic, and traces 
of copper per kilogram. 

Liberi, Cusmano, Marsiglia, and Zay (74) found copper in the 
fruit of tomatoes in amounts varying from 0.14 to 2.10 milligrams 
per kilogram of juice and pulp, and from 3.8 to 19.5 milligrams per 
kilogram of dry matter. The soils upon which the tomatoes were 
grown contained copper up to 110 milligrams per kilogram. These 
investigators stated that the spraying with copper mixtures had no 



16 bullp:tin io27, u. s, department of agetcultuee. 

effect upon the copper content of the tomatoes. It appeared that 
the copper found in the tomatoes came from the soil, whence the 
plants assimilated it in different proportions, according to the nature 
of the soil or under the influence of other factors. 

In 1917 Carles (19) stated that copper occurs in small amounts in 
agricultural products and in larger amounts in calf liver and heef 
liver. O'Kane, Hadley, and Osgood (102) reported the following 
amounts of arsenic (calculated as AsjOj) on fruits and vegetables 
that had been sprayed with dry lead arsenate equivalent to 3 pounds 
of lead arsenate paste to 50 gallons of water: Apples picked at 
intervals ranging from 3 to 91, days after spraying, 0.08 to 0.77 
milligram per apple when picked carefully, 0.02 to 0.50 milligram 
when picked in the ordinary way, 0.10 to 0.21 milligram when picked 
with cotton gloves, and O.OS to 0.18 milligram when picked with 
cotton gloves and wiped; strawberries picked 2 and 6 days after 
spraying, from 8.6 to 34.2 milligrams per quart; currants picked 3, 
6, and 8 days after spraying, from 6.8 to 10.2 milligrams per quart; 
blackberries picked on the day they were sprayed, from 3.8 to 11.2 
milligrams per quart; cabbage gathered 2 and 8 days after spraying, 
from 43.5 to 51.4 milligrams per head; and lettuce gathered 1 and 6 
days after spraying, from 1.6 to 10.6 milligrams per head. The 
maximum amount of lead arsenate spray that would adhere to an 
apple, when sprayed directly, was found to be an amount ec;[uivalent 
to 4 milligrams of arsenious oxid. Such fruit gave evidence of spray 
material on its surface. 

EXPERIMENTAL WORK. 

The investigation conducted by the United States Department of 
Agriculture included experiments on peaches, cherries, plums, 
apples, pears, grapes, cranberries, tomatoes, celery, and cucumbers. 
The spraying schedules are shown in Tables 5 to 14. 

METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 

The following methods of analysis were employed: 

Of the whole fruit and pulp, dry 200 to 300 grams of sample on the steam 1 ath in 
glass dishes, and report loss as "loss on drying." (For the determinations on the 
skins, use parings from 4 ap])les; for the calyx and stem end determinations, rise 12 
apples and corresponding amounts in the case of other fruits.) Transfer the dried 
residues to casseroles and add 100 to 200 cc. nitric acid. Heat the mixture, if neces- 
sary, to start action, and when violent action is over cautiously add 20 cc. sulphuric 
acid. Heat on hot plate, removing at intervals to add small amounts (3 to 5 cc.) of 
nitric acid (do not allow the solution to become 1 lack), and when the oxidation is 
complete evaporate until sulphuric acid fumes are given off. Cool, dilute with water, 
and again evaporate to sulphuric acid fumes. Cool, dilute with al out 100 cc. of 50 
per cent alcohol, and let stand over night. Filter and wash with 80 per cent alcohol. 
Save sulphate precipitate for lead determination. The copper and arsenic are deter- 
mined in the filtrate. Evaporate the filtrate to email volume on steam 1 ath to remove 
alcohol. Make to volume. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPKAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 17 

Arsenic. — Determine arsenic in an aliquot by the Gutzeit method (Bur. Chem. (ire. 
102), modified as follows: The aliquot should contain less than 0.08 mg. arsenic. Dilute 
to 50 CO. Add strong sulphuric acid so as to have 10 cc. present Add 1 gram sodium 
chlorid to the aliquot in a small Erlenmeyer flask, heat on steam bath to about 90° C, 
then add 1 cc. of a stannous chlorid solution containing 0.5 gram dissolved in hydro- 
chloric acid, and leave on steam liath for aliout 5 minutes (temperature near 90° ('.). 
Remove from steam bath, transfer to the 4-ounce generating bottle, dilute to 100 cc, 
and cool to room temperature. This generating bottle is connected by a rubl:er 
stopper with an upright tube 8 cm. long, 1 cm. diameter, containing lead acetate 
paper. This tube is connected by a rubber stopper with a similar tube containing 
cotton moistened with 5 per cent lead acetate solution. Connected by a rubber 
stopper with this tube is a capillary tube 3 mm. in diameter, 12 cm. in length, carrying 
the strip of mercuric bromid paper. Prepare these strips as follows: Cut heavy, close- 
textured drafting paper into strips 2 mm. by 12 cm.; then soak them for an hour in 5 
per cent alcoholic mercuric bromid solution, take out, rapidly squeeze off excess of 
solution, separate on glass rods, and allow to dry. Place three pieces of stick zinc 
(about 10 grams) in the generating bottle and join it immediately to the apparatus tubes. 
Allow the determination to run for IJ hours, keeping the temperature down to 
room temperature by placing the bottle in cool water. From standards plot a 
curve showing milligrams of arsenic to millimeters in length. As high as 0.08 milli- 
gram of arsenic can be read on a paper. Determine the larger quantities of arsenic by 
passing the arsine into a mercuric chlorid solution and either weigh the mercurous 
chlorid or titrate the arsenious oxid. (Bur. Chem. Circ. 102, p. 5.) 

Copper. — Introduce an aliquot into a 100 cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Neutralize the 
acid with ammonia, add 2 to 3 cc. hydrochloric acid for every 50 cc. of solution, and 
saturate the solution with hydrogen sulphid. Stopper flask and let stand over night. 
Filter off the copper sulphid and wash with hydrogen sulphid water. Place the 
filter paper containing the copper sulphid in a 50 cc. casserole, burn off the paper, 
dissolve residue in 5 cc. (1: 1) nitric acid, evaporate to dryness, add water and 1 drop 
ammonia, make faintly acid with acetic acid, and add a few drops of a 2 per cent 
potassium ferrocyanide solution. Compare with standards. 

Lead. — Dissolve the sulphate precipitate, pre\iously referred to, in hot 10 per cent 
ammonium acetate solution, add 2 cc. (0.1 per cent solution) gum arabic, and make 
to volume with hydrogen sulphid water in 50 cc. (or 100 cc.) Nessler tubes. Com- 
pare the tubes thus prepared with standards made up similarly with gum arabic, 
ammonium acetate, known amounts of lead, and hydrogen sulphid water. 

Where copper alone is to be determined, heat the dried sample cautiously over a 
Bunsen Inirner and finally ash at the mouth of the electric-muffle furnace. Add 5 cc. 
(1:1) nitric acid to the ash, evaporate almost to dryness on steam lath, dilute, and 
make alkaline with ammonia. Filter off precipitate and wash. Dissolve precipitate, 
reprecipitate with ammonia, and wash. Evaporate the united filtrates to dryness, 
add water and one drop ammonia, make slightly acid with acetic acid, and add a few 
drops 2 per cent potassium ferrocyanide solution. Compare with standards. 

The presence of between 0.02 and 0.24 milligram of copper can be 
determined by this method. Larger amounts may be determined 
by taking an aliquot, by comparing in ammoniacal solutions, or by 
electrolysis. 

The presence of from 0.02 to 0.24 milligram of lead can be read in 
the 50 cubic centimeter Nessler tubes, larger amounts by using 100 
cubic centimeter Nessler tubes or by taking a smaller aliquot. 
72638— 22— Bull. 1027 3 



18 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The whole and pulp of apples were fumed in 7-inch casseroles and the 

skins were fumed in 5-inch casseroles, all being transferred to 4-inch 

casseroles before final fuming. Casseroles were covered until final 

fuming. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK. 

The results of the chemical analyses appear in Tables 5 to 15, 
inclusive. 

Table 5. — Arsenic and lead remaining on sprayed peaches at picking time. 













.\.rsenic(As). 


Lead (Pb). 






M 


J3 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Spray material used.' 


Date 
sprayed. 


Determi- 
nations 
made on. 








01 


■6 

C3 


o 


"pJS 


'm'3 
■nil 


-1 


•Is 


t5 














o 


ft 


o 


q"" 


< 


►J 


hJ 


> 






1915. 




Parts per million. 


Mg. per 
peach. 


p. CI. 


Gr. 


23196 2 


48 lbs . hydrated lime, 2 


May 


93 


Wholes 


0.13 


0.90 


0.40 


2.7 


0.014 


0.042 


85.3 


105.3 




lbs. lead arsenate 






Pulp.... 


.06 


.40 


.20 


1.4 


.005 


.016 


85.8 






(powder). 






Skin 


.42 


2.60 


1.20 


7.3 


.009 


.026 


83.6 






•J lbs. lead arsenate(pow- 


May 


26 






















der), 32 lbs. hydrated 


























lime, 16 lbs. sulphur. 


























16 lbs. sulphur, 34 lbs. 


July 


10 






















hydrated lime. 
























23197 2 


40 lbs. hydrated lime, 


May 


93 


Whole < . 


.18 


1.30 


.40 


2.8 


.018 


.040 


85.7 


100.5 




4 lbs. lead arsenate 






Pulp.... 


.08 


.60 


.10 


. 7 


.006 


.008 


86.0 






fpowder). 






Skin.... 


.61 


4.00 


1.60 


10.4 


.012 


.032 


84.6 






32 lbs. sulphur, 4 lbs. 


May 


26 






















lead arsenate (powder). 


























14 lbs. hydrated lime. 


























32 lbs. sulphur, 18 lbs. 


July 


10 






















hydrated lime. 
























23198 s 


44 ibs. hydrated lime, 


May 


93 


Wholes 


,25 


1.80 


.80 


5.7 


.024 


.076 


85.9 


9,5.2 




6 lbs. lead arsenate 






Pulp.... 


.08 


.60 


.20 


1.4 


.006 


.015 


86.1 






(powder). 






Skin 


.90 


6.10 


3.00 


20.4 


.018 


.061 


85.3 






44 lbs. sulphur, 6 lbs. 


May 


26 






















lead arsenate (powder). 


























Sulphur alone 


July 


10 




















23199 2 


1 lb. lead arsenate (pow- 


May 


93 


Whole*. 


.20 


1.50 


.30 


2.2 


.020 


.029 


86.2 


9S.0 




der), 50 galls, water. 






Pulp.... 


.08 


.60 


.10 


.8 


.007 


.008 


86.7 






oOgalls. self-boiled lime- 


May 


26 


Skin 


.66 


4.20 


1.10 


7.0 


.m'S 


.021 


84.2 






sulphur, 1 lb. lead ar- 


























senate (powder). 


























Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 


July 


10 




















23200 2 


Check (un.sprayed) 






Whole <. 


.12 


.90 


.0 


.0 


.010 


.0 


86.7 


83.6 










Pulp.... 


.07 


.50 


.0 


.0 


.0ft5 


.0 


87.0 












Skin .... 


.29 


2.00 


.0 


.0 


.005 


.0 


85.3 




23201 2 


78 lbs. terra alba, 32 lbs. 


May 


93 


Whole <. 


.13 


1.00 


.0 


.0 


.012 


.0 


86.5 


92.2 




sulphur. 






Pulp.... 


.02 


.20 


.0 


.0 


.001 


.0 


87.0 






Do 


May 


26 


Skin 


.63 


4.00 


.0 


.0 


.011 


.0 


84.3 






Do 


July 
May 


10 

93 


Whole * . 


.10 


.80 


.0 


.0 


.009 


.0 


86.7 




232022 


78 Ihs. hydrated lime. 


SS.4 




32 lbs. sulphur. 






Pulp.... 


.09 


.70 


.0 


.0 


.006 


.0 


87.1 






Do 


May 


26 


Skin. 


. 14 


.90 


.0 


.0 


.003 


.0 


85.0 






Do 


July 
May 


10 




















232032 


10 lbs. lead arsenate 


93 


Whole * . 


.13 


.90 


.30 


2.1 


.013 


.030 


85.4 


101.8 




(powder), 90 lbs. hy- 






Pulp.... 


.08 


.60 


.20 


1.4 


.007 


.017 


85.8 






drated lime. 






Skin.... 


.35 


2.10 


.70 


4.4 


.006 


.013 


84.2 






Do 


May 
May 


26 

93 


Whole*. 


.10 


.70 


.30 


2.0 


.009 


.02.5 


85.1 




2320 ■» 2 


8 lbs. suIphur,3ozs. glue 


86.0 




(used in water to wet 






Pulp.... 


.04 


.30 


.10 


.7 


.003 


.007 


85.4 






sulphur), 8 lbs. hy- 






Skin.... 


.34 


2.10 


1.00 


6.3 


.006 


.018 


84.1 






drated lime, 1 lb. lead 


























arsenate (powder), 50 


























galls, water. 


























Do 


May 
July 


26 
10 






















8 lbs.sulphur,3ozs glue 


- 




(used in water to wet 


























sulphur), 8 lbs. hy- 


























drated 1 ime, 50 galls. 


























water. 

























1 Where no mention is made of water in the formula the material was applied as di 

• Delaware yariety, harvested .\u?. 12-18, Berlin, Md 

• As shucks fell. < Without stones. 



J 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 



19 



Table 5. — Arsenic and lead remaining on sprayed peaches at picking time — Continued. 



Spray material used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



Determi- 
nations 
made on , 



Arsen 


ic(As). 


Lead (Pb). 


6 


■ja 


•d 


■« 


-o . 


■Qi3 




'5i"3 


— 3 


a 






















O 


Q 


O 


Q 


< 



Sprayed lightly with 1 
lb. lead arsenate 
(powder), 50 galls, 
water. 

8 lbs. sulphur, 8 lbs. 
stonelime, 50galls.wa- 
ter (self-boiled lime- 
sulphur), 1 lb. lead 
arsenate (powder). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 

Sprayed heavily witlTl 
lb. lead arsenate 
(powder), 50 galls, 
water. 

8 lbs. sulphur, 8 lbs. 
stone 1 ime,50galls.wa- 
ter (self-boiled lime- 
sulphur), 1 lb. lead 
arsenate (powder). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 

Commercially sprayed 
with 1 lb. "lead arse- 
nate (powder), 50 
galls, water. 

8 lbs. sulphur, 8 lbs. 
stone lime, 50galls. wa- 
ter (self-boiled lime- 
sulphur), 1 lb. lead 
arsenate (powder). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 

48 lbs. hydrated lime, 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 32 lbs. hy- 
drated lime, 16 lbs. 
sulphur. 

16 lbs. sulphur, 34 lbs. 
hydrated lime. 

46 lbs. hydrated lime, 
4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 

32 lbs. sulphur, i lbs. 
lead arsenate (pow- 
der), 14 lbs. hydrated 
lime. 

32 lbs. sulphur, 18 lbs. 
hydrated lime. 

44 lbs. hydrated lime, 
6 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 

44 lbs. sulphur, 6 lbs. 
lead arsenate (pow- 
der). 

Sulphur, with 5 per 
cent hydrated lime 
added. 

1 lb. lead arsenate (pow- 
der), 50 galls, water. 

50 galls, self-boiled lime- 
sulphur, 1 lb. lead ar- 
senate (powder). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur. 

Check (unsprayed) 



78 lbs. terra alba, 32 lbs. 
sulphur. 

Do 

Do 



1915, 
May 93 



May 26 



.Tuly 10 
May 9' 



May 26 



July 10 
Mav 93 



May 26 



July 10 
May 93 

May 26 



July 10 

May 93 

May 26 

July 10 

May 9 » 

May 26 

July 10 

May 93 

May 26 

July 10 



May 9: 

May 26 
July 10 



Whole ' 
Pulp... 

Skin... 



Whole * 
Pulp... 
Skin.. . 



Whole*. 
Pulp... 
Skin.... 



Whole*. 
Pulp.... 
Skin.... 



Whole * . 
Pulp.... 
Skin.... 



Whole*. 
Pulp.... 
Skin.... 



Whole*. 
Pulp... 
Skin ... 



Whole * 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 
Whole * 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 



0.16 
.04 
.60 



Parts per million. 



.67 

.09 

2.50 



.30 

.10 

1.00 



1.20 

.30 

4.10 



.30 1.90 

.06 .40 

1.30 7.80 



1.50 

.30 

6.30 



.60 

.20 

2.30 



.21 1.40 
.08 .50 
. 70 4. 60 



4.40 

.60 

15.40 



2.00 

.70 

6.10 



.30 
.40 
.14 
.90 



.70 

.30 

2.50 



.60 

.20 

2.10 



.40 

.20 

1.40 



.70 

.40 

1.70 



1.40 

.20 

5.10 



1.20 

.20 

4.30 



JV/ff . per 
peach. 



2.2 0.013 
.7 .003 
.010 



4.4 .021 
1.9 .003 
15.1 .018 



4.0 
1.3 
13.7 



2.6 
1.3 



4.8 
2.7 
11.2 



9.1 

1.3 

31.5 



7.9 

1.4 

26.1 



.008 
.002 
.006 



.014 
.004 
.010 



.040 
.004 
.036 



.018 
.004 
.014 



.001 
.000 
.001 
.0tt3 
.001 
.002 



.083 
.009 
.074 



.070 
.007 
.063 



85.3 
85.4 
84.8 



84.6 
84.8 
83.8 



84.8 
85.2 
83.5 



84.4 
84.8 
82.9 
85.1 
85.6 
83.4 



83.4 



81.2 



59.3 



58.7 



55.8 



* Delaware variety, harvested .\ug. 12-18, Berlin, Md. 

» As shucks fell. * Without stones. 

6 Delaware variety, harvested Aug. 12-18, Springfield, W. Va. 



20 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Table 5. — Arsenic and lead remaming on sprayed peaches at picking time — Continued. 




23215 s 



23216 s 



234408 



23442 6 



23443 » 



78 lbs. hydrated lime, 
32 lbs. sulphur. 

Do 

Do 

10 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 90 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 

Do 

8 lbs. sulphur, 3 ozs. 
ghie (used in water to 
wet sulphur), 8 lbs. 
hydrated lime, 1 lb. 
lead arsenate (pow- 
der), 50 galls, water. 
Do 

8 lbs. sulphur, 3 ozs. 
glue (used in water to 
wet sulphur), 8 lbs. 
hydrated lime, 50 
galls, water. 

Sprayed lightly with 2 
lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), 2 lbs. 
stone lime, 50 galls, 
water. 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), 50 galls, 
self-boiled lime-sul- 
phur (8-S-50). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

Same as No. 23440, but 
heavier applications. 

4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), 4 lbs. 
stone lime, 50 galls. 
water. 

4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), self- 
boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 96 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 

4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 32 lbs. sul- 
phur (200-mesh fine), 
64 lbs. hvdrated lime. 

32 lbs. sulphur (200- 



Mav 
Jrly 
May 



May 26 
May 93 



mesh fine), 68 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 
1.3444 « 8 lbs. lead arsenate, May 30 1 Whole*. 
(powder), 92 lbs. hy- j Pulp 

drated lime. Skin 

8 lbs. load arsenate June 19 
(powder t, 32 lbs. sul- 
phur (200-nuwh fine), 
60 lbs. hydrated lime. 

64 lbs. sulphur (200- July 29 
mesh fine), 36 lbs. 
hydrated lime. 

■• As shucks fell. ■• Without stones. 

5 Delaware variety, harvested Aug. 12-18, Springfield, 

8 Elberta variety, harvested Sept. 13, Benton Harbor, 



May 
July 



July 29 



Same as 
No. 23440 



July 29 
May 30 



July 29 



Whole < 
Pulp... 

Skin . . . 



Whole <. 
Pulp.... 
Skin . . . . 

Whole * . 
Pulp.... 
Skin 



Parts per viillion. 



Whole < 
Pulp . . . 
Skin. . . 



Whole 
Pulp.. 
Skin.. 
Whole 
Pulp.. 
Skin . . 



Whole < 
Pulp.. 
Skin . . 



03 


0.20 


0-0 


03 


.20 


.0 


06 


.36 


.0 


12 


.70 


.40 


06 


.40 


.20 


40 


2.40 


1.40 


17 


1.10 


.40 


05 


.30 


.20 


58 


3. .50 


1.20 


IS 


1.80 


.70 


04 


.40 


.20 


72 


5.80 


2.50 


36 


3.70 


.90 


07 


.80 


.20 


37 


11.80 


3.20 


.30 


2.90 


.80 


06 


.60 


.20 


20 


10.30 


3.10 


36 


3.10 


1.40 


08 


.70 


.20 


50 


11.90 


6.30 


67 


5.60 


2.00 


10 


.90 


.20 


90 


20.00 


9.00 



^fl)■ per 
peach . 



0.002 
.001 
.001 



.007 
.003 
.004 

.009 
.002 
.007 



0.0 





.024 
.009 
.015 

.024 
.011 
.013 



. 017 . 062 
. 003 . 012 
. 014 . 050 



. 032 
.005 
.027 
.028 
.004 
.024 



.040 
.007 
.033 



.070 
.008 
.062 



.077 
.014 
.063 
.076 
.013 
.063 



.155 
.017 
.138 



.209 
.017 
.192 



P.ct. 
85.0 
85.5 
83.2 



83.4 
83.5 
83.0 

84.9 
85.3 
83.5 



89.8 
90.4 
87.5 



90.3 
90.8 
88.4 
89 7 
90.1 
88.3 



88.3 
88.5 
87.4 



88. 1 104. 5 

88.8 

85.5 



W. Va. 
Mich. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 21 
Table 5. — -Arsenic and lead remaining on sprayed peaches al picking time — Continued. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



Spray material used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



Determi- 
nations 
made on. 



Arsenic(As). 


Lead 


"rt 


■V 


« . 




0^^ 


04^ 


'ScD 


T 3 
















O 


Q 


O 



(Pb). 



.9 






23445' 



12 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 88 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 

12 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 88 lbs. sul- 
phur (200-mesh fine). 

100 lbs. sulphur (200- 
mesh fine). 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), 2 lbs. 
stone lime, 50 galls, 
water. 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(com. paste), self- 
boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

68 lbs. terra alba, 
32 lbs. sulphur (200- 
mesh fine). 

Do 

Do 

23448* t 68 lbs. hydrated lime, 
t 32 lbs. sulphur (200- 
I mesh fine). 



23449" ! 10 lbs. lead arsenate 
': (powder), 90 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 

Do 

23450« Check plat (unsprayed). I 



23447 • 



25637' : Check plat (unsprayed). 



256387 ' Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
! (8-8-50), 2 lbs. lead 

arsenate. 
25639' 2 lbs. lead arsenate, 50 

galls, water. 



5 lbs. "soluble sulphur 
compd.," 3 lbs. lime, 
50 galls, water, 2 lbs. 
lead arsenate. 

4 lbs. "soluble sulphur 
compd.," 4 lbs. lime, 
50 galls, water. 

Check plat (unsprayed) . 



25709' : 1 lb. lead arsenate 

(powder), 2 lbs. stone 

lime, 50 galls, water. 

I 1 lb. lead arsenate 

: (powder), self-boiled 

lime-sulphur (8-8-50). 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 

I (8-8-50). 



1915. 
May 30 



June 19 

July 29 
May 30 

June 19 

July 29 
May 30 



June 19 
July 29 
May 30 



June 19 
July 29 
May 30 



June 19 



A b ou t 

Mav 1' 



.do. 



3 weeks 
later 



About 
July 15 



May 29- 
May 30 

June 20- 
June 21 

Aug. 1- 
Aug. 2 



Whole * 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 



Whole < 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 



Whole < 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 



Whole < 
Pulp... 
Skin... 



Whole * 
Pulp... 
Skin . . . 

Whole < 
Pulp... 
Skin... 



Whole ■ 
Pulp.. 
Skin.. 
Whole ■ 
Pulp.. 
Skin.. 
Whole ■ 
Pulp.. 
Skin.. 



Whole < 
Pulp... 
Skin... 
Whole * 
Pulp . . . 
Skin. . - 



Parts per million. 



0.80 


7.10 


2.60 


.07 


.60 


.20 


3.50 


27.80 


11.60 


.42 


4.00 


1.10 


.10 


1.00 


.20 


1.50 


12.50 


4.10 


.20 


1.80 


.34 


.10 


.90 


.10 


.60 


4.90 


1.20 


.24 


2.30 


.60 


.07 


.70 


.20 


1.10 


8.70 


2.50 


.94 


8.00 


2.40 


.14 


1.20 


.20 


4.50 


35.40 


12.20 


.23 


2.00 


.40 


.10 


.90 


.14 


_.77 


6.10 


1.50 


.04 


.30 


.40 


.01 


.10 


.30 


.20 


1.20 


.90 


.05 


.30 


.50 


.01 


.10 


.40 


.20 


1.10 


.90 


.05 


.30 


.50 


.01 


.10 


.30 


.20 


1.20 


1.30 


.06 


.40 


.40 


.03 


.20 


.30 


.20 


1.20 


.90 


.08 


.70 


.40 


.03 


.30 


.30 


.30 


2.20 


.90 



23.0 

1.8 

92.1 



10.4 

2.0 

34.2 



3.0 
.9 

9.8 



1.9 
19.7 



20.5 

1.7 

96.1 

3.4 
1.2 
11.9 



2.7 
2.2 
5.3 
3.4 
2.9 
5.2 
3.5 
2.1 



2.7 
2.2 
5.6 
3.7 
2.9 
6.6 



ifg. per 
peach. 



0.091 
.006 
.085 



.044 
.008 
. 036 



.020 
.008 
.012 



.026 
.006 
.020 



.115 
.014 
.101 

.026 
.009 
.017 



.005 
.001 
.004 
.005 
.001 
.004 
.005 
.001 
.004 



.005 
.002 
.003 
.008 
.002 
.006 



0.297 
.013 

.284 



.115 
.016 
.039 



.034 
.010 
.024 



.065 
.020 
.045 



.295 
.020 
.275 

.046 
.013 
.033 



.0.52 
. 031 
.021 
.045 
.028 
.017 
.051 
.025 
. 026 



.034 
.021 
.013 
.042 
.025 
.017 



P.ct. 

88.7 
89.0 
87.4 



89.4 
89.8 
88.0 



88.8 
89.1 

87.8 



89.4 
89.8 
87.3 



88.3 
88.5 
87.3 

88.3 
88.5 
87.4 



85.1 
86.4 
83.0 
8.5.4 
86.2 
82.6 
85.7 
85.9 
83.1 



85.3 
86.4 
83.9 
89.1 
89.5 
86.3 



Or. 
114.3 



104.7 



107.5 



90.9 



102.3 



85.5 



3 As shucks fell. 

< Without stones. 

1 Elberta variety, harvested Sept. 13, Benton Harbor, Mich. 

' Elberta variety, harvested Aug. 21, Springfield, W. Va. 

• Elberta variety, harve,sted Sept. 16, Benton Harbor, Mich. 



22 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Table 5. — Arsenic and lead remaining on sprayed peaches at picking time^Continued . 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



Spray material used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



Determi- 
nations 
made on. 



iVrsemc(As) 



o 



Lead(Pb). 



O 






27936 9 



279389 



1 lb. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2i lbs. lime, 
50 galls, water. 

8 lbs. sulphur, 8 lbs. 
hydrated lime, 3 ozs. 
glue, 1 lb. lead arse- 
nate (powder), 5Q 
galls, water. ' 

8 lbs. sulphur, 8 lbs. 
hydrated lime, 3 ozs. 
glue, .50 galls, water. 

Check (unsprayed) . ... 



1917. 
Apr. 4 



Apr. 19 



Whole < 
Pulp... 



Parts per million. 



10 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powderi, 90 lbs. hy- 
drated lime. 

' ure sulphur 

Conmiercial preparation 
containing .50 per cent 
sulphur and .50 per 
cent lead arsenate. 



Apr. 4 
Apr. 19 

June 7 

Apr. 4 

Apr. 19 

June 7 



Whole 

Pulp. 

Skin. 

Whole 

Pulp 

Skin 

Whole 

Pulp 

Skin 



0.0.5 


0.30 


1.00 


.01 


.10 


.40 


.20 


1.20 


4.20 


.0 


.0 


.60 


.0 


.0 


.40 


.0 


.0 


1.70 


.02 


.10 


.90 


.01 


.10 


.60 


.04 


.20 


2.40 


.07 


.50 


1.20 


.0 


.0 


.80 


.40 


2.30 


3.30 



6.9 
3.0 

25.8 



4.0 
2.8 
9.8 
6.3 
4.3 
14.0 

8.0 
5.6 
19.2 



Mg. per 
piach. 



0.004 
.001 
.003 



.0 

.0 

.0 

.002 

.001 

.001 

.006 

.0 

.006 



0.095 
.032 
.063 



.0.57 
.032 
.025 
.086 
.048 
.038 

.110 
.062 
.048 



P.ct. 
85.5 
86.6 

83.7 



85. 
85.7 
82.6 
85.6 
86.0 
82.8 

85.0 

8.5.6 
82.6 



Gr. 
95.0 



95.4 
96.2 

91.5 



< Without stones. ' Harvested July 9, Fort Valley, Ca. 

Table 6. — -Arsenic, lead, and copper remainijig on sprayed cherries at picking time. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



Spray material used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



Condition 

of fruit 
analyzed. 



Arsenic 

(As). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit 



Lead(Pb). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit 



Copper 

(Cu). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Loss 
on 
dry- 



25452 1 
254.53 1 



25454 ' 



25482 3 

25483 3 



25484 * 

25485 < 



Check (unsprayed) 

Home-made Bordeaux. 

Commercial fungicide 
containing 12 per 
cent copper, 3 per 
cent arsenic. 

.3-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 
lead arsenate (paste). 

3-4-50 Bordeaux 

Check (unsprayed) 

U galls, lime-sulphur 
solution, 2 lbs. lead 
arsenate (paste), 50 
galls, water. 

li galls, lime-sulphur 
solution, 50 galls, 
water. 

Check (unsprayed) 

U galls, lime-sulphur, 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), 50 galls, wa- 
ter. 

3-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 
lead arsenate (paste). 



May 30, June 

2i. 
July 3. 



Unwashed 
Washed * . 
Unwashed 
Washed'.. 



Unwashed 
Washed'.. 



May 30, June 
21. 



July 3. 



Unwashed 
Washed'.. 



May 29-30, 
June 20. 



May 29-30, 
June 20. 



Unwashed 
Washed'.. 



Unwashed . 
Washed' 



0.02 
.04 
.02 
.09 
.07 



.35 
.17 



Part's per million 
0.16 
.2 
.1 
.7 
.5 



1.0 
1.0 



2.3 
1.1 



1.2 

.7 



.7 
1.3 
1.3 



5.4 
3.2 

2.8 
2.8 
1.9 



5.3 

8.1 
8.1 



4.6 
3.3 



0.5 
2.1 
1.4 
2.0 
1.2 



3.2 

1.8 



2.3 
1.6 



4.0 
11.9 

7.9 
15.0 

9.0 



14.4 

8.1 



15.2 
10.6 



P.ct. 

87.5 
82.3 



77.8 



78.8 
78.9 



86.7 
83.0 



84.9 



1 Picked July 12, 1916, Wenatchee, Wash. 

' Washed by holding under running tap water for a fe^ 

• Sweet cherries, picked July 20, 1916, Hart, Mich. 

* Sour cherries, picked July 20, 1916, Hart, Mich. 



minutes. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 23 
Table 7. — Arsenic, lead, mid copper remaining on sprayed plums at picking time. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



25643 1 



25646 1 
25807 3 



25808 J 



Spray material used. 



2 lbs. lead arsenate 
, (paste), SOgalls. water 

1 lb. Pom. spray con- 
taining 1.7 per cent 
copper, 5 per cent 
lead arsenate, 7 per 
centcalcium arsenate. 
2 per cent sulphur, 50 
galls, water. 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste) ,50 galls, water. 

5 lbs. sulphur, 50 galls. 

water. 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 

(paste),. ')0 galls. water. 
4 lbs. barium polysul- 

phid, 50 galls, water. 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 

( paste) , 50 galls, water. 

1 lb. sodium polysul- 
phid, 50 galls, water. 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), 50 galls, water. 

Self-boiled lime-sul- 
phur (8-8-.50). 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), 50 galls, water. 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50), 2 lbs. soap... 

Check (unsprayed) 



2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), plus lime, 50 
galls, water. 

U galls, lime-sulphur 
'solution, 50 galls, wa- 
ter, 2 lbs. lead arse- 
nate (paste). 

U galls, lime-sulphur 
"solution, 50 galls, 
water. 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), 50 galls, water, 
plus lime. 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50), 2 lbs. lead 
arsenate (paste), 50 
galls, water. 

Self-boiled lime-sulphur 
(8-8-50). 

2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), plus lime, .50 
galls, water. 

Bordeaux 3-4-50, 2 lbs. 
lead arsenate (paste). 

Bordeaux 3-4-50 

Che:"k (unsprayed) 



Date 
sprayed. 



1916. 
Mav 26. 



June22,.\ug. 
1,2. 



May 26. 

June 22, 

1, 2. 
May 26. 

June 22 

1,2. 

May 26 

June 22 

1,2. 
May 26 

June 22, 

1, 2. 
May 26, 

June 22, 
1,2. 



Aug, 
Aug. 
Aug 
Aug. 
Aug 



May 27. 
June 21,22,23 

Aug. 12. 
May 27. 
June 21, 22, 23 

Aug. 12. 
May 27. 

.Tune 21, 22, 23 
Aug. 12.'« 



Condition 

of fruit 
analysed. 



Unwashed 
Washed '. . 



l^nwashed 
Washed'.. 



Unwashed . 
Washed ^ 



Unwashed 
Washed s.. 



Unwashed . 
Washed > 



Unwashed 
Washed 2.. 



Unwashed 
Washed «.. 
Unwashed 
Washed!".. 



ITnwashed 
Washed 2. . 



Unwashed 
Washed a.. 



Unwashed 
Washed 2. . 



Arsenic 

(As). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Lead (Pb). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Copper 

(Cu). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



0.06 
.06 


P( 

0.5 
.5 


.04 
.03 


.3 
.2 


.03 
.03 


.2 
.2 


.04 
.04 


.3 
.3 


.03 
.02 


.2 
.2 


.03 
.03 


.3 
.3 


.03 
.02 
.13 
.07 


.2 
.1 

.8 
.4 


.07 

.07 


.4 
.4 


.13 
.10 


.7 
.6 


.10 
.07 


.6 
.4 



Parts per mill ion. 
0.2 1.6 0.3 
.2 1.6 .3 



3.1 
1.5 



2.4 
1.6 



1.7 
1.7 



2.2 
1.4 
2.9 
2.9 



1.7 
1.7 



2.3 
2.3 



2.3 
1.7 



2.4 
2.4 



0.5 
.4 



3.7 
3.0 



6.8 
5.1 



3.4 
3.4 



Loss 
on 
dry- 
ing. 



P.ct. 

87.4 



82.3 



1 Burban'.-; pi-^Ved last of August, Hart, Mich. 

'Washed by holding under running tap water for a few minutes. 

1 Golden Domestica; pieVed last of September, Hart, Mich. 



24 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTTJRE. 

Table 8. — Arsenic, lead, and copper remmning on sprayed tomatoes nt picking time. 



Sam- 
ple 

No. 



Spray malerial 
used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



Determina- 
tions 
made on. 



Arsenic 
(As). 



Origi- 
nal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Lead (Pb). 



«„^'f- Dried 



Copper 

(Cuj. 



Ori pi- 



ll ried 
fruit. 



Loss 



dry- 
ing. 



23304 1 

23305 1 



23306 1 



25664 s 

25665 2 

25825 3 

25826 3 

25706 < 

25707 < 
25710 < 
25711 < 



Check (unsprayed) 

8-9-50 Bordeaux mix- 
ture! 



5-6-50 Bordeaux. 



Check (unsprayed) 

5-5-50 Bordeaux, IJ lbs. 
lead arsenate (pow- 
der). 

Check (unsprayed) 



5-5-50 Bordeaux, U lbs. 
lead arsenate (pow- 
der). 

5-5-50 Bordeaux 

4-4-50 Bordeaux 



Julv 8, 19, 
21,31, Aug. 
5, 11, 18, 
Sept. 11. 

.lulv 8, 19, 
20;31,Aug. 
5, 10, IS, 
Sept. 4, 11. 

1916. 



Whole fruit. 

Pulp 

Whole fruit, 
Pulp 



Whole fruit 
Pulp 



Juh. 

7, i 

8. 



13. Aug 
5, Sept. 



Whole fruit 

Pulp 

Whole fruit. 
Pulp.... 



July 13, Aug. 
7, 25, Sept. 

s. 
Sept. 18. 



Whole fruit. 
Pulp.... 
Whole fruit. 
Pulp.... 



0.02 
.02 
.3 
.05 

.07 
.02 
.07 
.02 



Check (unsprayed). 
Check (unsprayed). 
4-4-50 Bordeaux. . . 



Whole fruit 

Pulp 

Whole fruit 

Pulp 

Whole fruit 

Pulp 

Whole fruit 
Pulp 



Parts per milliov. 



0.4 
.4 

5.2 
.9 

1.4 
.4 

1.1 
.3 



0.9 
.6 
1.7 
1.2 



16.1 
10.7 
29.8 
21.1 



.3 6. 

.2 4.0 

.5 

.2 3.3 



1.8 
1.2 
5.7 
2.2 



5.7 
1.6 



.6 

.5 

1.0 

.6 



30.0 
20.0 
91.9 
35. 5 



91.9 
25.8 



10.7 
8.9 
17.5 
10.5 

14.0 
14.0 
60.6 
13.6 



17.0 
9.4 
10.5 
8.8 
13.2 
13.2 
14.3 
12.5 



P.ct. 

94.0 
94.0 
93.8 
93.8 



93.8 
93.8 



94.4 
94.4 
94.3 
94.3 

95.0 
95.0 



94 



94 



7 
7 
3 

94.3 
94.7 
94.7 
94.4 
94.4 



1 Fruit picked Sept. 15, 1915, Camden, N. J. 

2 Fruit picked Sept. 14, 1916. Arlington, Va. 

3 Fruit picked Oct. 2, 1916, Arlington, Va. 

< Fruit picked Sept. 15, 1916, Salem, N. J.; samples represent commercial fruit ready for markel. 





Table 9. — Copper remaining on sprayed celery at gathering 


time.^ 












Coppe 


r (Cu). 




Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 


Determinations 






lyoss on 


ple 
No. 






■ sprayed. 


made on. 


Original 


Dried 


drying. 










celery. 


celery. 








1915. 




Parts pr 


' million. 


Per cent. 


23585 2 


Check plat (unsprayed) . 




Unwashed (cheek) . . 


2.3 


24.2 


90.5 


235S6 2 


Overspraved with 5-5-50 


Aug. 14, 24, 


Unwashed leaves s. . 


258. 1 


2, 150. 8 


88.0 




Bordeaux mixture, 2 lbs. 


Sept. 2, 14. 


Unwashed stalks'.. . 


16.6 


207. 5 


92.0 




resin fish-oil soap. 




Washed leaves < 


65.7 


547.5 


88. 








Washed stalks < 


8.2 


102. 5 


92.0 


23587 2 


5-5-50 Bordeaux mixture, 


Aug. 14, 24, 


Unwashed leaves ' . . 


213.0 


1,775.0 


88.0 




2 lbs. resin fish-oil soap. 


Sept. 2, 14. 


Unwashed stalks '. . . 


3.6 


45.0 


92.0 








Washed leaves < 


85.5 


712.5 


88.0 








Washed stalks < 


2.9 


36.3 


92.0 






1917. 










28783 5 


Commerciallj' spraved with 


Sept. 11, 22, 


Unwashed leaves 


4.7 


33.6 


86.0 




5-5-50 B ordeaux plus soap. 


Oct. 1. 


Unwashed stalks 

W ash ed leaves ^ 


.9 
2.9 


11.5 

20.7 


92. 2 








Washed stalks « 


.9 


11.5 




28784 ^ 


Overspraved with 5-5-50 


Sept. 11, 22, 


Unwashed leaves 


12.8 


91.4 


86.0 




Bordeaux plus soap. 


Oct. 1. 


LTnwashed stalks 


1.6 
2 1 


20.0 
15.0 


92.0 








Washed stalks* 


.7 


8.7 









' The samples sprayed in 1915 were coated with copper spray when received and represent extremely 
heavv applications; the 1917 samples represent celery as it usuallv appears on the market. 
2 flarvested Oct. 29, 1915, North Liberty, Ind. 

' These sprayed samples were heavily coated with the spra.v material when received. 
* Washing done by holding sample under faucet water for few minutes. 
5 Harvested about Nov. 1, 1917, North Liberty, Ind. 
' Washed by soaking celery in water for a short time and then rubbing with a small brush. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 25 

Table 10. — Copper remaining on sprayed cucumbers at picking time. 



Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 
sprayed. 


Determinations 
made on. 


Copper (Cu). 


Loss on 
drying. 


ple 

No. 


Original 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


25660 1 




1916 ' 
1916 
1916 
1916 




Parts pe 
0.6 

.3 

. 5 
1.2 

.3 
2.8 
1.2 

.3 
2.5 
1.4 

.3 
2.5 


million. 
11.3 

7.1 

7.7 
25.5 

7.3 
44.4 
25. 5 

7.3 
39.1 
28.6 

6.8 
38.5 


Per cent. 
94.7 




2-4-50 Bordeaux 


Pulp 


95.8 




Skin 


93.5 


2.5661 ' 


Whole fruit . . . 


95.3 




2^-50 Bordeau-x plus 2 lbs. 
resin fish-oil soap. 

5-5-50 Bordeaux 


Pulp 


95.9 




Skin 


93.7 


25662' 


Whole fruit 


95.3 




Pulp 


95.9 




Skin 


93.6 


25663 ' 


Whole fruit 


95.1 




Pulp 


95.6 




Skin 


93.5 









1 Cucumbers picked Sept. 9, 1916, Plymouth, Ind. 
Table ll.^Aisenic, lead, and copper remaining on sprayed cranberries at picking time. 



Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 
sprayed. 


Condition 

of fruit 
analyzed. 


Arsenic 

(As). 


Lead (Pb). 


Copper 

(Cu). 


Loss 


ple 
No. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Drted 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 

fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 

fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


dry- 
ing. 


23453 1 


Sprayed lightly with 
4^4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin flsh-oil 
soap .2 

Sprayed medium with 
4-^50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil soap 
(normal spray for re- 
gion). 2 

Sprayed heavily with 
4-^50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil 
soap. 2 

Overspraved with 4-4- 
50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 
resin fish-oil soap. 2 

Sprayed heavily with 
4-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin flsh-oil 
soap." 

Sprayed medium with 
4-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil soap 
(normal spray for re- 
gion), s 

Sprayed lightly with 
4-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil 
soap. ^ 


1915. 
June 24, July 

26, Aug. 11, 

28. 

do 

do 

June 10, July 
10, 31, Aug. 
16. 

June 19, July 

27, Aug. 12. 

do 

do 






Pa 


rts per 


millioi 


7.4 
7.1 

3.9 
2.3 

7.6 

4.8 

33.3 
16.2 

2.0 
1.7 

2.0 

1.8 

2.6 
2.4 

.9 

7.2 
3.0 


62.7 
60.2 

33.9 
20.0 

66.1 
41.7 

268.5 
130.6 

15.0 
12.8 

14.4 
12.9 

17.9 
16.5 

7.1 

62.1 
25.9 


P.ct. 

88.2 




Washed ' 










88.2 


23454 1 


Unwashed 










88.5 




Washed '. . . 










88.5 


23455 » 












88.5 












88.5 


234561 












87.6 


Washed'... 










87.6 


23684 < 












86.7 


Washed '... 










86.7 


23685 * 












86.1 












86.1 


23686* 


Unwashed . 
Washed ' . 










85.5 










85.5 


23687* 
257271 












87.4 


Commercially sprayed 
with 3-3-50 Bordeaux, 
2 lbs. resin flsh-oil 
soap. 6 


1916. 
June 26, July 
27, Aug. 5, 
25. 


Unwashed . 
Washed' 










88.4 




j 






88.4 

















1 Early Black. 

« Harvested Sept. 18, 1915, Brown Mills, N. J. 

• Washed by holding the berries in running tap water. 

* Howe. 

5 Harvested Oct. 16, 1915, Brown Mills, N. J. 

•Serby'soSSSrwa'fer%?'Vlh time, pouring off the water, adding more water, and 
repeating operation three times. 

726.38—22 4 



26 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 



Table 11. — Arsenic, lead, and copper remaining on sprayed cranberries at picking time- 
Continued. 



Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 
sprayed. 


Condition 

of fruit 
analyzed. 


Arsenic 

(As). 


Lead (Pb). 


Copper 

(Cu). 


Loss 


ple 
No. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 

fruit. 


dry- 
ing. 


26166 

26167 

26168 

26169 
26170 


Sprayed lightly with 
4-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil soap, 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). » 

Sprayed normally with 
4-4-50 Bordeaux, 2 
Jbs. resin fish-oil soap, 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 8 

Sprayed heavily with 
4-4^50 Bordeaux, 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil soap, 
2 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder). 8 

Oversprayed with 4-4- 
50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 
arsenate (powder), 2 
lbs. resin fish-oil soap.s 

Check (unsprayed).8. . . 


1916. 
Aug. 1, 24. 

do 

do 

Aug. 2, 24. 


Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 
Washed'.-. 

Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 


1.2 

.8 

1.3 
1.0 

1.7 
1.0 

2.5 
1.0 

.1 


Part 

8.7 
5.8 

9.4 

7.2 

12.8 
7.5 

19.1 
7.6 

.7 

.7 


s per n 
4.8 
2.5 

5.7 
2.5 

7.4 
3.8 

9.2 

4.4 

.6 
.6 


lillion. 
34.8 
18.1 

41.3 
18.1 

55.6 
28.6 

70.2 
33.6 

4.4 
4.4 


5.5 
2.3 

6.7 
3.1 

10.0 
4.6 

11.4 
3.7 

1.0 
1.0 
2.2 
1.0 


39.8 
16.7 

48.6 
22.5 

75.2 
34.6 

87.0 
28.2 

7.4 
7.4 
17.2 

7.8 


P.ct. 
86.2 
86.2 

86.2 
86.2 

86.7 
86.7 

89.9 
86.6 

86.5 


27337 1 


4-5-50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 

resin fish-oil soap. ' 
10 lbs. lead arsenate 

(paste), .50 galls. 

water, n 
10 lbs. lead arsenate 

(paste), 21bs. laundry 

soap, 50 galls, water." 
5 lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 50 galls. 

water. 11 
3 lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 50 galls. 

water. 12 
4-5-50 Bordeaux, 2 lbs. 

resin fish-oil soap. ^ 
10 lbs. lead arsenate 

(past e), .50 galls. 

water. " 
10 lbs. lead arsenate 

(paste), 2 lbs. laundry 

soap, 50 galls, water. » 
5 lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 50 galls. 

water. 
3 lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 50 galls. 

water. 12 
Check (unsprayed)'i. . . 


June 24, Aug. 

3. 
July 22. 

July 22, 24. 

June 28, Aug. 

Aug. 19. 

June 24, Aug. 

3. 
July 222 

July 22, 24. 

June 28, Aug. 

Aug. 19. 


Washed'... 
Unwashed . 
Washed'... 


.1 


86.5 
87.2 














2733810 


Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 
Washed'... 


.14 
.14 

.16 
.16 

3.9 
1.5 


1.1 
1.1 

1.2 
1.2 

30.7 
11.8 


1.5 
.9 

1.1 
1.1 

19.1 
11.5 


11.6 
7.0 

8.1 

8.1 

150.4 
90.6 


87.1 











27339'" 






86.5 










27340 1 






87.3 










27346 • 


3.0 
1.6 


23.4 
12.5 


87.2 




Washed '. . . i 










2734710 


Unwashed . ' .14 
Washed '...| .14 

Unwashed . : .15 
Washed'...' .09 

Unwashed . 3. 9 
Washed'... 1.4 

Unwashed . . 02 
Washed'... .02 

Unwashed .1.1 
AVashed'...{ .6 

Unwashed . . 01 


1.1 
1.1 

1.2 
.7 

30.7 
11.0 

.14 
.14 

9.6 
5.3 

.08 
.08 

.8 
.8 

10.0 
2.5 


1.4 

1.1 

1.5 
1.0 

18.9 
12.4 

.4 
.4 

4.5 
2.9 

.7 
.7 
.6 
.6 

4.8 
1.9 


10.5 
8.3 

11.7 

7.8 

148.8 
97.7 

2.9 
2.9 

39.5 
25.4 

5.6 
5.6 
4.9 
4.9 

40.0 

15.8 


86.7 










2734810 






87.2 










27349 1 






87.3 










27181 


0.9 

.7 


6.4 
5.0 


86.0 


28686 


4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 50 galls, 
water, 2 lbs. caustic 
potash fish-oil soap. " 

Check (unsprayed) i' 


1917. 
June 26, July 
26,30. 


88.6 










28685 


0.6 
.6 
1.3 
1.2 


4.8 
4.8 
10.6 
9.8 


87.6 


28556 
28830 


3 lbs. Ume,41bs. copper 
■ sulphate, 2 lbs. resin 

fish-oil soap, .50 galls, 
water, i' 

4 lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. caus- 
tic potash fish-oil 
soap, 50 galls, water." 


June 28, Aug. 
4,20. 

June 26, July 
26,30. 


Washed'... 
Unwashed . 
Washed'... 

Unwashed . 
Washed'... 


.01 
.1 
.1 

1.2 
.3 


' '87.' 8 
88.6 












1 Early Black. 

7 Washed by soaking berries in water for a short lime, pouring off the water, adding more water, and 
repeating operation three times. 

8 Harvested Oct. 9, 1916, Brown Mills, N. J. 

» Harvested Sept. 23, 1916, East Wareham, Mass. 

10 Late Home. 

11 Harvested Oct. 2, 1916, East Wareham, Mass. 
" Harvested Sept. 25, 1916, East Wareham, Mass. 
I' Harvested Oct., 1917, East Wareham, Mass. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 27 

Some of the samples from New Jersey reported in Table 1 1 represent 
plots which were purposely oversprayed and contain relatively large 
amounts of spray residues. The lots sprayed according to recom- 
mended schedule contain much less spray residue. Samples 27340 
and 27349 show a comparatively large amount of spray residue, but 
these samples are from experimental plots which were sprayed late. 
The other Massachusetts samples show very little spray residue. 
The results indicate that when sprayed with the regulation spray and 
washed before using the berries contain but little spray material. 

Table 12. — Copper, lead, and arsenic remaining on sprayed grapes at picking time. 



Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 
sprayed. 


Condition 
of samples 
analyzed. 


Arsenic 

(As). 


Lead (Pb). 


Copper 

(Cu). 


Loss 


ple 
No. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


'Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


on 
dry- 
ing.. 






1915. 




Part" per milliov. 




P.ct. 


23565' 


2J lbs. lead arsenate 


June 4, July 


Unwashed . 


0.25 


1.50 


2.6 


15.1 


0.8 


4.7 


82.8 




(powder), 4-4-50 Bor- 


16. 


Washed ^ . . 


.14 


.80 


2.4 


14.0 


.6 


3.4 






deaux.' 




















23566 » 


1 lb. lead arsenate 


do 


Unwashed . 


.13 


.80 


2.1 


13.1 


.7 


4.4 


84.0 




(powder), 4-4-50 Bor- 




Washed s . . 


.13 


.80 


1.3 


8.1 


.6 


3.8 






deaux.2 




















23567 ' 


Check plat (unsprayed)^ 
Cheek plat (unsprayed)* 
3 lbs. lead arsenate 






.07 


.40 


1.1 


6.8 


.4 


2.5 


83.9 


23571 1 






.07 


.40 


.6 


3.2 


.4 


2.1 


81.0 


23572 1 


July 6.' 


Unwashed . 


.44 


2.70 


1.4 


8.4 


1.3 


7.8 


83.4 




(paste), 2 lbs. fish-oil 




Washed s . . 


.30 


1.80 


1.2 


7.2 


1.1 


6.6 






soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (sprayed with 






















coarse nozzle). 






















3 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 19. 




















(paste), 1 lb. laundry 






















soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (sprayed with 






















coarse nozzle).* 




















23573' 


5 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 6. 


Unwashed . 


.80 


4.80 


2.4 


14.4 


1.5 


9.0 


83.3 




(paste), 2 lbs. fish-oil 




Washed ^ . . 


.35 


2.10 


1.3 


7.8 


1.1 


6.6 






soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (sprayed with 






















coarse nozzle). 






















5 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 19. 




















(paste), 1 lb. laundry 






















soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (sprayed with 






















coarse nozzle). < 




















23574 ' 


5 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 6. 


Unwashed . 


.80 


4.70 


8.2 


48.5 


1.8 


10.7 


83.1 




(paste), 2 lbs. fish-oil 




Washed 3.. 


.35 


2.10 


2.4 


14.2 


1.4 


8.3 






soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (oversprayed, 






















coarse nozzle). 






















5 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 19. 




















(paste), 1 lb. laundry 






















soap, 3-3-.50 Bor- 






















deaux (oversprayed, 






















coarse nozzle). < 




















23688 1 


3 lbs. lead arsenate 


July 5, 17. 


Unwashed . 


.40 


1.90 


1.5 


7.1 


1.2 


5.7 


79.0 




(paste), 3-3-50 Bor- 




Washed 3 . . 


.40 


1.90 


1.2 


5.7 


.7 


3.3 






deaux (sprayed with 






















trailers, using fine 




















236S9 1 


nozzles).'' 
3 lbs. lead arsenate 


do 


Unwashed . 


.82 


3.90 


2.4 


11.5 


1.8 


8.7 


79.2 




(paste), 1 lb. laundry 




Washed ' . . 


.50 


2.40 


1.4 


6.7 


1.2 


5.8 







soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 






















deaux (sprayed with 






















trailers, using fine 






















nozzles) (normal 






















schedule for this re- 






















gion).5 





















' Concord. 

' Harvested Oct. 9, 1915, Benton Harbor, Mich. 

" Samples washed in running tap water. 

* Harvested Oct. 9, 1915, North East, Pa. 

» Harvested Oct. 27, 1915, North East, Pa. 



28 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 12. — Copper, lead, and arsenic remaining on sprayed grapes at picking time- 
Continued. 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



258361 
25837' 
258381 



25903 1 
259041 



Spray material used. 



3 lbs. lead arsenate 
(paste), 1 lb. laundry 
soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (spray applied 
with fine nozzles set 
at rear of sprayer).^ 

Cheek plat (unsprayed)^ 



1 gall. lime-sulphur, 33' 
B.),7 galls, water. 

4-4-50 Bordeaux e 

8 lbs. Bordeaux (com. 
paste), I lb. lead arse- 
nate (powder), 50 
galls, water. 

8 lbs. Bordeaux (com. 
paste ) , 50 galls . water.e 

Check plat (unsprayed)' 



July 6, 21. 



.do 



1 lb. soap, 11 lbs. lead 

arsenate ( powder) , 

3-3-50 Bordeaux 

(used trailers with 

medium nozzles).' 
25905 1 1 lb. soap, 2^ lbs. lead 

arsenate (powder), 

3-3-50 Bordeaux 

(used trailers with 

medium nozzles).' 
259061 I lb. soap, 2i lbs. lead 

arsenate (powder), 

3-3-50 Bordeaux 

(used trailers with 

medium nozzles). 
1 lb. lime, 1 lb. soap, 2-^ 

lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 50 galls. 

water (double appli- 
cation).' 
25907 1 1 lb. soap, li lbs. lead 

arsenate (powder), 

3-3-50 Bordeaux 

(used trailers with 

fine nozzle).' 

26016 8 4-3-50 Bordeaux (me- 
dium set nozzle). s 

26017 8 4-3-50 Bordeaux (me- 
dium set nozzle). 

2h lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. laun- 
dry soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, fine nozzle). 

2i lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 1 lb. resin 
soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, fine nozzle).'' 

26018 8 4-3-50 Bordeaux (me- 
dium set nozzle). 

2i lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. laun- 
dry soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, coarse nozzle). 

2J lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 1 lb. resin 

• soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, coarse nozzle)', 

1 Concord. 

3 Samples washed in running tap water. 

5 n.irvested Oct. 27, 1915. North East, Pa. 

« Harvested Sept. 30, 1916, Benton Harbor, Mich. 



Date 
sprayed. 



1915. 
July 5, 17. 



1916. 
Dormant 

spray. 
June 16. 
June 1, 12. 



Aug. 2. 



Condition 
of samples 
analyzed. 



Unwashed 
Washed 3 . 



Unwashed 
Washed ' . 



Unwashed 
Washed 3 . 



Unwashed 
Washed s . 



Unwashed 
Washed ' . 
Unwashed 
Washed ' . 



Unwashed 
Washed s . 



.do ! Unwashed 

Washed 3 . 



Aug. 12. 

July 6. 21. 

June 15. 
....do.... 
June 28. 

Aug. 4. 

June 15. 
June 28. 

Aug. 4. 



Unwashed 
Washed 3.. 



Unwashed 
Washed 3.. 
Unwashed 
Washed 3.. 



Unwashed 
Washed 3. . 



Arsenic 

(As). 



( )rig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Lead (Pb). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Copper 

(Cu). 



Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 



Dried 
fruit. 



Parts per millinn. 

' ' 2.9 
1.4 



4.7 
3.2 



0.29 


1.40 


0.9 


4.3 


0.6 


.22 


1.00 


.4 


1.9 


.3 

• 


.0 


.0 


.5 


2.6 


.9 


.0 


.0 


.5 


2.6 


.6 


.05 


.26 


.7 


3.6 


1.1 


.02 


.10 


.6 


3.1 


1.1 


.12 


.63 


.8 


4.2 


1.4 


.07 


.37 


.6 


3.2 


1.1 


.04 


.17 


.6 


2.6 


.8 


.04 


.17 


.6 


2.6 


.4 


3.00 


12.60 


7.5 


31.6 


4.1 


1.00 


4.20 


3.5 


14.8 


1.4 


.70 


3.20 


3.9 


17.7 


2.1 


.60 


2.70 


2.8 


12.7 


1.3 


3.80 


16.10 


12.0 


50.8 


3.2 


2.60 


11.00 


7.6 


32.2 


1.7 


.30 


1.30 


2.4 


10.3 


2.3 


.30 


1.30 


1.3 


5.6 


1.5 


.15 


.60 


.7 


2.9 


2.0 


.15 


.60 


.7 


2.9 


1.3 


1.80 


7.30 


5.1 


20.7 


2.7 


.70 


2.80 


2.1 


8.5 


1.5 


3.70 


16.30 


10.4 


45.8 


3.4 


.90 


4.00 


3.1 


1.3.7 


1.4 



5.6 
5.6 



7.4 

5.8 



3.4 

1.7 

17.3 

5.9 



9.5 
5.5 



13.6 
7.2 



8.3 
5.4 
11.0 
6.1 



1.5.0 
6.2 



Loss 



P.ct. 
79.0 



' Harvested Oct. 6, 1916, North East, Pa. 

8 Catawba. 

a Harvested Oct. 13, 1916, Sandusky, Ohio. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 



29 



Table 12. — Copper, lead, and arsenic remaining on sprayed grapes at picking time — 

Continued. 



Sam- 
ple 



26019 » 



26021 8 



2S881 8 



Spray material used. 



Date 
sprayed. 



1916. 
June 15. 



June 28. 



Aug. 4. 



June 15. 



June 28, July 
12. 



June 15. 



June 28, July 
12. 



Aug. 2. 



1917. 
June 18. 

Julv2-4,24- 
25. 



June 18-20. 

July 2-4, 24- 
25, Aug. 14, 



June 18-20. 
July 2-4. 



July 24-25. 



Condition 
of samples 
analyied. 



Unwashed 
Washed'... 



Unwashed 
Washed 3... 



Unwashed . 
Washed'... 



2.80 
1.00 



4.60 
2.70 



Unwashed . 
Washed m. . 



Unwashed 
Washed 'o 



Unwashed 
Washed lo. 



3.20 
1.30 



7.10 
3.60 



6.20 
3.30 



12.70 
4.50 



21.10 
12.40 



16.00 
6.50 



35.50 
18.00 



30.10 
16.00 



6.2 
3.2 



13.3 
6.4 



8.1 
3.7 



17.6 
11.3 



15.5 
8.6 



28.2 
14.6 



61.0 
29.4 



10.5 
18.5 



88.0 
56.5 



75.2 
41.7 



3.1 
1.7 



4.6 
1.8 



2.7 
2.0 



4.2 
2.6 



3.7 

2.8 



18.0 
8.1 



14.1 

7.7 



21.1 

8.3 



78. (^ 



4-3-50 Bordeaux 
(sprayed with me- 
dium set nozzle). 

2\ lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. laun- 
dry soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (oversprayed 
with trailer, coarse 
nozzle). 

2 J lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 1 lb. resin 
soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (oversprayed 
with trailer, coarse 
nozzle). s 

4-3-50 Bordeaux 
(sprayed with me- 
dium' set nozzle). 

2i lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. laun- 
dry soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, medium noz- 
zle ).9 

4-3-50 Bordeaux 
(sprayed with me- 
dium set nozzle). 

2J lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 2 lbs. laun- 
dry soap, 3-3-50 Bor- 
deaux (sprayed with 
trailer, medium noz- 
zle). 

2i lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 1 lb. resin 
soap, 2-3-50 Bor- 
deaux.9 

3-3-50 Bordeaux (set 
nozzle). 

\\ lbs. lead arsenate 
(powder), 1 lb. resin 
fish-oil soap, 2-3-50 
Bordeaux (trailer, 
raedi um nozzle) 
(schedule recommend- 
ed for this region)." 

3-3-50 Bordeaux (set 

nozzle). 
U lbs. lead arsenate 
"(powder), 1 lb. resin 

tish-oil soap, 2-3-50 

Bordeaux (trailer, 

medium nozzle)." 
3-3-50 Bordeaux (set 

nozzle). 
IJ lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 1 lb. resin 

fish-oil soap, 2-3-50 

Bordeaux (sprayed 

with trailer, medium 

nozzle). 
2 J lbs. lead arsenate 

(powder), 1 lb. resin 

fish-oil soap, 2-3-.50 

Bordeaux (sprayed 

with trailer, medium 

nozzle)." 

3 Samples washed in running tap water. 

8 Catawba. 

9 Harvested Oct. 13, 1916, Sandu^kv, Ohio. 

10 Samples washed by soaking the grapes in water for 5 minutes, pouring off the water, and then washing 
in running tap water. 

» Harvested Oct. 27, 1917, Sandusky, Ohio. 



Arsenic 

(As). 


Lead(I'b). 


Copper 
(Cu). 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 



Loss 
on 
dry- 
ing. 



Parts per million. 
4.00 16.30 12.6 I 51.3 4.4 
1.00 4.10 4.9 19.9 2.0 



13.5 
10.0 



21.0 
13.0 



18.0 
13.6 



P.ct. 

75.4 



79.4 



30 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC;iTLTlIIlE. 



Table 12.— Copper, lend, and arsenic remaining on sprayed grapes at picking time — 

Continued. 



Sam- 


Spray material used. 


Date 
sprayed. 


Condition 
of samples 
analyzed. 


Arsenic 

(As). 


Lead ( ' b). 


Copper 

(Cu). 


Loss 


ple 
No. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 

fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


Orig- 
inal 
fruit. 


Dried 
fruit. 


on 
dry- 
ing. 






1917. 




Parts per 


TniUio7i. 


P. cf. 


2888412 


3-3-60 Bordeaux 


June 1S'20. 


Unwashed . 


5.70 


31.10 


13.0 


71.0 


4.3 


23.5 


81.7 




(sprayed with set 




Washed '». . 


4.40 


24.00 


12.0 


65.6 


3.3 


18.0 






nozzle). 






















2i lbs. lead arsenate 


July 2-4. 24- 




















'(powder), 1 lb. resin 


25. 




















fish-oil soap, 2-3-50 






















Bordeaux, (sprayed 






















with trailer, medium 






















nozzle)." 


















288868 


3-3-50 Bordeaux 


June lS-20. 


Unwashed . 


5.90 30.30 


14.8 


75. 9 


2.3 


11. S 


80.5 




(sprayed with set 




Washed ifi.. 


1. 30 


6.70 


3.9 


20.0 


1.7 


8.7 






nozzle). 






















IJ lbs. lead arsenate 


J u 1 V 2-4, 




















(powder), 1 lb. resin 


Aug. 14. 




















fish-oil soap, 2-3-50 






















Bordeaux (sprayed 






















with trailer, medium 






















nozzle)." 


















28887" 


3-3-50 Bordeaux 


June 18. 


Unwashed . 


4.60 24.30 






6.4 


33.8 


81.1 


(sprayed with set 
nozzle). 




Washed i". . 


1.80 9-.^0 






4.2 


22.2 


























1 lb. calcium arsenate 


July 2-4, 24- 




















(powder), 1 lb. resin 


. 25. 




















fish-oil soap, 2-3-50 






















Bordeaux (sprayed 






















with trailer, medium 






















nozzle).!' 




















28888» 


3-3-50 Bordeaux 


June 18-20. 


Unwashed . 


.08 


.40 


.9 


4.5 


1.5 


7.6 


80.2 




(sprayed with set 




Washed '" . . 


.08 


.40 


.9 


4.5 


1.3 


6.6 






nozzle)." 




















2888912 


3-3-50 Bordeaux 


June 18-20. 


Unwashed . 


.08 


.40 


.5 


2.5 


1.5 


7.6 


80.2 




(sprayed with set 




Washed w 


.08 


.40 


.3 


1.5 


1.5 


7.6 






nozzle)." 





















8 Cata\\ba. 

w Samples washed by soaking the grapes in water for 5 minutes, pouring off the water, and then wash- 
ing in running tap water. 
" Harvested Oct. 27, 1917, Sandusky, Ohio. 
"Ives. 
" Harvested Oct. 18, 1917, Sandusky, Ohio. 

WEATHER CONDITIO.VS. 

Nos. 23565-67: Ideal for spraynig during both applications; all foliage and fruit were covered. 

Nos. 23571-74 and 23688-90: Heavy ram on July 8, which seemed to wash off a large amount of the spray 
material. 

Nos. 25836-38 and 25903-07: No abnormal weather conditions reported. 

Nos. 26016-21: Dry, hot, clear: season unusually dry. 

Nos. 28881-89: Rainfall normal; in no case did rain interfere with the spraying, nor did rain fall before 
material was well dried. 

The Michigan samples and the Pennsylvania samples mentioned in 
Table 12 that were sprayed according to normal schedule showed 
very little spray residue at harvest. Grapes sprayed in Sandusky, 
Ohio, according to the schedule formerly used in that region showed 
a decided spray residue on their surface at harvest. As this spray 
residue was no doubt due mainly to late spraying, the Bureau of 
Entomology has recommended a new schedule which is given under 
Sample. 28881. Table 12 shows the composition of grapes sprayed 
according to the recommended schedule as compared with that of 
those sprayed under the schedule formerly used, as well as the com- 
position of grapes sprayed under various experimental schedules. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 31 









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BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 






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POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. S3 






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46 



BULLETIN 1027, U, S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



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" 







POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 47 



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48 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 



Several spray schedules are represented by the samples shown in 
Table 14. Very little spray residue was present on the apples, except 
Samples 23598, 33378, and 33379, which were purposely heavily 
sprayed, and the apples from Grand Junction, Colo. The 1915 sam- 
ples from Grand Junction showed so much more residue than the 
apples from other districts that the spraying schedule was changed 
in 1916 and 1917, with the result that much less spray residue was 
found on the fruit. 

Table 15. — -Arsenic, lead, and copper remaining on fruits and vegetables sprayed vith 
poisonous sprays (summary). 







Arsenic (As). 




Lead (Pb). 




Copper (Cu) 






Detenni- 
nations 
















Product. 




















made on. 


*^^i^«-''" Drv basis, 
basis. 


Original 
basis. 


Dry basis. 


Original 
basis. 


Dry basis. 


Peaches: 








Parts per viUlinn. 






Sprayed 


Whole 

Pulp 

Skin 


0.02- 0.94 
.00- .14 
.04- 4.50 
.00- .23 


0.10- 
.00- 
.20- 
.00- 


8.0 

1.2 

35.4 

2.0 


0.3- 2.6 
.1- .8 
.7- 12.2 
.0- .6 


2.0- 
.7- 

4.4- 
.0- 


23.0 
5.6 

96. 1 
4.0 


















Unspraved... 


Whole 








Pulp 

Skin 


.00- .10 
. 0(>- .77 


.00- 
.00- 


.9 
6.1 


.0- .4 
.0- 1.7 


.0- 
.0- 


2.8 

11. e 












Cherries: 










Sprayed 


Whole 


. 04- . 35 


.20- 


2.3 


. 6- 1. 3 


2.8- 


8.1 


2.0- 3.2 


11.9- 


15.2 




Whole 1 


. 02- . 17 


.10- 


1.1 


.4- 1.3 


1.9- 


8.1 


1.2- 1.8 


7.9- 


10.6 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 


. 02- . 08 


.10- 


.ti 


.6- .7 


2.8- 


5.3 


.5- 1.4 


4.0- 


8.3 


Plums: 






















Spraved 


Whole 


. 03- . 13 


.20- 


. 8 


.2- .5 


1.6- 


3.1 


.3- 1.2 


2.4- 


6.8 




Who'e 1 


. 02- . 10 


.20- 


.(■■ 


.2- .5 


1.5- 


2.9 


.3- .9 


2.4- 


5.1 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 


. 03- . l(t 


.20- 


.(■. 


.3- .4 


2.2- 


2.3 


. 5- . 6 


3.4- 


3.7 




Whole 1 


. 02- . 07 


.10- 


.4 


.2- .3 


1.4- 


1.7 


.4- .6 


3.0- 


3.4 


Tomatoes: 






















Spraved 


Whole 


. 07- . 30 


1.10- 


5.2 


.5- 1.7 


7. 6- 


29.8 


.8- 5.7 


14.3- 


91.9 




Pulp 


.02- .05 


.30- 


.9 


.2- 1.2 


3.3- 


21.1 


..5- 2.2 


9.4- 


.35.5 


Unspraved . . 


Who'e 


. 02- . 07 


.40- 


1.4 


.3- .9 


6.0- 


16. 1 


.(i- 1.8 


10.5- 


W.O 




Pulp 


. 02- . 02 


.40- 


.4 


.2- .6 


•4.0- 


10.7 


.5- 1.2 


8.8- 


20.0 


Celerv: 






















Sprayed 
















4. 7-258. 1 
.9- 16.6 

2. 1- 85. 5 
.7- 8.2 

2.3- .... 


33. 6-2 
11.5- 
15.0- 
8.7- 
24.2- 


, 150. 8 


Stalks 










207.5 














712.5 




Stalks I 










102:5 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 












Cucumbers: 






















Spraved 


Whole 















1.2- 1.4 


25.5- 


28. 6 




Pulp 










.3- .3 

2.5- 2.8 

.6- 


6.8- 
38.5- 
11.. 3- 


7.3 




Skin 










44.4 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 














Pnlp 










.3- 


7.1- 






Skin 










.5- 


7.7- 




Cranberries: 


















Sprayed 


Who'e 


0.10- 3.90 


0.80- 


30.7 


0.6- 19.1 


4.9- 


150.4 


1.3- 33.3 


10. 6- 


2i;8. 5 




Whole 1 


. 09- 1. 50 


.70- 


11.8 


.61- 12.4 


4.9- 


97.7 


1.0- 16.2 


7.8- 


130.6 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 


.01- .10 


.08- 


. 7 


.4- .7 


2.9- 


5.6 


.6- 1.0 


4.8- 


7.4 


Grapes: 






















Spraved 


Whole 


.05- 7.10 


.20- 


:55.5 


.5- 17.0 


2..5- 


88.0 


.6- 6.4 


2.9- 


33.8 




Whole ' 


.02- 4.40 


.10- 


24.0 


.3- 12.0 


1.5- 


65.6 


.3- 4.2 


1.4- 


22.2 


Unsprayed . . 
Pears: 
Spraved 


Whole 


.00- .07 


.00- 


.4 


.5- 1.1 


2.6- 


6.8 


.4- .9 


2.1- 


4.7 


Whole 


. 10- . 32 


.50- 


2.1 


.13- 1.0 


1.6- 


6.7 


I..5- .3.0 


10. 0- 


14.5 




Pulp 


. 02- . 10 


.10- 


.8 


.2- .2 


1.0- 


1.7 


.7- 1.0 


4.9- 


5.1 




Skin 


.30- 1.00 


1.20- 


4.3 


.8- 3.2 


3.1- 


13.7 


4.5- 16.2 


19.3- 


54.5 




Calyx 


1.20- 6.40 


4. 80- 


27.7 


4. 2- 21. 3 


16. 7- 


92.2 


12.1- 21.9 52.4- 


68.9 




Skin 2 


.30- .90 


1.20- 


4.0 


.8- 3.0 


3.1- 


13.4 


2. 1- 12. 4 


9.0- 


41.8 




Calyx 2 


1.20- 0.40 


4.80- 


27.7 


4.2- 21.3 


16. 7- 


92.2 


7.8- 8.2 


25. 8- 


.33. 8 


Unspraved . . 


Whole 


.05- .10 


. :bo- 


.(; 


.2- .3 


1.0- 


1.5 


.3- .9 


1.7- 


4.5 


Apples: 






















Spraved 


Whole 


.03- 5.50 


.20- 


40.0 


.3- 17.0 


2.2- 


130.0 


.4- 5.2 


2.4- 


24.2 




Pulp 


. 02- . 40 


.10- 


2.5 


.2- 1.8 


1.3- 


15.0 


.3- .8 


1.8- 


4.2 




Skin 


. 10- 25. 70 


.50- 


1.30. 


. 7- 80. 


3.3- 


480. 


.(W 28.5 


2.8- 


111.3 




Calyx 


. 70-127. 00 


3. 50- 


700. 


2. 2-328. 


11. C-2, 000.0 


2.5- 29.5 


12.4- 


149.0 




Stem ends. . . 


. 40-328. 00 


2.70-2,000.0 


2. 8-550. 


17. 7-4 


400.0 


2. 7- 29. 4 


15. :3- 


136.1 




Skin 2 


. 10- 22. 70 


.50- 


92.3 


. 5- 63. 


2.4- 


256. 1 


. 6- 28. 5 


2.8- 


111.3 




Calyx 2 


.70- 83.00 


3.50- 


470.0 


2.2-297.0 


11. 6-1 


700.0 


2.5- 14.7 


12.4- 


74.2 




Stem ends 2 . 


. 40- 70. 00 


2.70- 


600. 


2. 8-252. 


17. 7-1 


500.0 


2.7- 21.2 


15.3- 


98.1 


Unsprayed. . 


Whole 


. 04- . 44 


.2 - 


2.2 


.2- 1.5 


1.3- 


9.3 


.3- .7 


2..3- 


4.3 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 49 

Table 15. — Arsenic, lead, and copper remaining on fruits and vegetables sprayed with 
poisonous sprays (summary) — Continued. 



Detenni- 

nation 

made on. 



Arsenic in eacli fruit. 



Lead in each fruit. 



Copper in each fruit. 



Peaches: 
Sprayed . . 

Unsp rayed. 

Pears: 

Sprayed . . 



Unsorayed 
Apples: 
Sprayed . . 



Who:e. 
Pulp... 
Skin... 
Whole. 
Pulp... 
Skin.... 



Whole... 
Pulp.... 
Skin . . . . 
Calyx... 
Skin 2... 
Calv-x 2 . 
Whole... 

Whole... 
Pulp.... 
Skin . . . . 
Calyx... 
Stem 

ends . . 
Skin 2... 
Calyx 2.. 
Stem 

ends 2. 



Unsprayed . Whole 



Afg. 
0.002-0.115 
. 000- . 014 
.001- .101 
. 000- . 02(i 
.000- .009 
. 000- . 017 

. 013- . 049 
.003- .010 
.005- .023 
.002- .010 
.005- .014 
.002- .016 
. 006- . 013 

. 004- . 900 
.002- .042 
.002- .442 
.001- .154 

.001- .310 
.002- .345 
. 001- . 127 



Grains. i Mg. 

0. 000031-0. 00180 0. 024-0. 297 

.000000- .00022' .007- .062 

.000015- .00160 .013- .284 



.000000- .00040 
. 000000- . 00014 
. 000000- . 00026 

.000200- .00075 
. 000046- . 00015 
.000077- .00035 
. 000031- . 00025 
.000077- .00022 
.000031- .00025 
.000092- .00020 



. 000062- 
. 000031- 
.000031- 
.000015- 

. 000015- 
.000031- 
.000015- 



.000- .05' 
.000- .032 
. 000- . 033 



.039- 
.015- 
.012- 
.005- 
.012- 
.005- 
.022- 



.151 
.029 
.073 
.053 
.054 
.0.53 
.037 



.01400j .0.36-2.800 

.000)51 .015- .230 

.00680! .010-1.600 

.00240 .00.3- .400 



.00480 
. 00530 
. 00200 



.000015- .00260 



.Oa3- .768 
. 007- . 958 
. 003- . 332 



. 005- . 051 . 000077- . 00079 . 019- . 178 



Grains. 
0. 00037-0. 00460 
.00011- .00095 
.00020- .00440 
.00000- .00088 
.00000- .00049 
. 00000- . 00051 



Mg. 



. OOO.'OO- 
.000230- 
.030180- 
.000077- 
.000180- 
. 000077- 
. 000340- 



.00230 
.00045 
.00110 
.00082 
.00083 
.00082 
.00057 



. 000550- . 04300 
. 000230- . 00350 
.000150- .02500 
. 000046- . 00620 

.000046- .01200 
.000110- .01500 
.000046-. 00510 

.000046- .00810 



0.227-0.411 
. 095- . 120 
. 102- . 261 
.030- .030 
. 049- . 200 
.011- .020 
.033- .113 

.054- .380 
.035- .072 
.010- .273 
.003- .032 

.00.3- .0.35 
. 010- . 273 
.003- .016 

.003- .025 



. 000290- . 00270 . 024- . 093 



Grains. 



0. oo:i.')i)a-o. 00630 

■ OOl.'iOl^- .ooiso 

.OOHiOO- 

.000160 

. 000750- 

. 000170- 

. 000510- 



.00400 
.111)046 
.011310 
.011031 
. 00170 



.0008:30- .00590 
.00().')40- .00110 
.0001.50 .0(l!20 
.000046- .00049 

.000046- .00054 
.000150- .00420 
.000046- .00025 

.000046- .00039 

.000370- .00140 



1 Washed. 2 wiped. 

Table 16. — Precipitation reports for sections ivhere samples analyzed were harvested. 
BERLIN, MD., SECTION. 



Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


May 3.... 


Trace 


June 1 


0.02 


July 2.... 


0.58 


Aug. 6.... 


.35 


4.... 


0.08 


2.... 


1.75 


4.... 


.72 


8.... 


.20 


5.... 


.33 


3.... 


1.20 


5.... 


.80 


9.... 


.25 


12.... 


.63 


5.... 


.01 


8.... 


.07 


10.... 


.20 


13.... 


Trace. 


6.... 


.08 


]].... 


.57 


12.... 


.28 


15.... 


Trace. 


12.... 


.07 


13.... 


.58 


14.... 


.04 


16.... 


.44 


13.... 


.13 


17.... 


.48 


21.... 


.01 


17.... 


Trace. 


14.... 


.05 


20.... 


2.20 


22.... 


.01 


20.... 


.02 


16.... 


.02 


21 ... . 


.10 


27.... 


Trace. 


21.... 
24.... 


.20 
.67 


17.... 
18.... 


.70 
Trace. 






28.... 
29.... 


.53 
.01 




6.10 


26.... 
29.... 
30.... 


.22 
.47 
.32 


!9.... 
22.... 
27.... 


.58 
.01 
.22 




'3.17 


30.... 


.11 


Aug. 1 


Trace. 




3.94 






30.... 


Trace. 




15 




1 5 12 




3.38 
13.26 


3.... 
4 


.60 
1.20 










4.84 












13.84 


5.... 


Trace. 







50 



BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 16. — Precipitation reports for sections where samples analyzed were harvested — 

Continued. 

SPRINGFIELD, W. VA., SECTION. 



Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1916. 


Inches. 


1916. 


Inchis. 


May 3.... 


0.21 


June 1 


Trace. 


May 2.... 


0.06 


June 3 


0.3S 


7.... 


.15 


2.... 


1.46 


3.... 


.13 


7.... 


.30 


12.... 


.75 


^ 3.... 


.05 


4.... 


.07 


8.... 


.31 


16.... 


1.05 


* ■?.... 


.21 


7.... 


.38 


9.... 


.20 


17.... 


.20 


11.... 


Trace. 


8.... 


Trace. 


10.... 


.27 


20.... 


.21 


13.... 


.37 


13.... 


Trace. 


15.... 


.32 


21.... 


.03 


14.... 


.34 


16.... 


1.02 


16.... 


1.36 


22.... 


.57 


16.... 


.06 


23.... 


.42 


19.... 


.12 


24.... 


Trace. 


22.... 


.06 


26.... 


.13 


21.... 


.31 


29.... 


.42 


26. . . . 


.06 


29.... 


.30 


25.... 


.30 


30.... 
31.... 


.67 
.05 


30.... 


.35 


30. . . . 


.50 








3.87 
13.86 




2.96 
1 3 gg 




3.01 
1 3 gg 






4 31 










1 3 69 










Aug. 3.... 
6.... 
7.... 


.32 

1.05 

Trace. 






Aug. 1.... 
2.... 


.10 
1.05 


July 2. . . . 
10.... 


.31 
.23 


July 4.... 


.35 


5.... 


.13 


3.... 


1.10 


12.... 


.05 


8.... 


.10 


8.... 


.17 


8.... 


.30 


13.... 


.15 


11.... 


.11 


11.... 


.79 


9.... 


.18 


14.... 


.20 


13.... 


.34 


12.... 


.14 


11.... 


.15 


16.... 


.32 


15.... 


.14 


15.... 


.07 


12.... 


.13 


17.... 


.21 


21.... 


Trace. 


16.... 


.05 


17.... 


.40 


18.... 


.23 


22.... 


Trace. 


19.... 


Trace. 


21 ... . 


.42 


21.... 


.40 


28.... 


.60 


20.... 
21.... 
22. . . . 
25.... 


.15 

.08 

Trace. 

.75 


27. . . . 

28.... 


Trace. 
1.75 


25.... 


.60 








■ 2.66 
13.88 




2.70 
13.57 






5.58 






29.... 


.64 




13.88 












3.32 






13.57 















FORT VALLEY, GA., SECTION. 



1917. 
Apr. 2 

4 

5 

8 

13 

14 

22 

26 


0.62 

Trace. 

2.23 

.33 

Trace. 

.23 

Trace. 

Trace. 


1917. 

May 12 

23 

25 

28 

June 4 

10.... 
14.... 
15.... 
22.... 
23.... 
24.... 


Trace. 

.8.> 

Trace. 

.63 


1917. 
June 25. . . . 
26.... 
27.... 
29.... 
30.... 

.July 4 

5 

6 

H. ..'.'.'. 
12 


Trace. 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.20 
.10 


1917. 

July 14 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20..... 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 


Trace. 

.18 
Trace. 

.53 

.23 
1.03 

.10 

Trace. 

Trace. 

1.56 

Trace. 

.10 
Trace. 


2.91 
13.11 


1.34 
14.21 


Trace . 
Trace. 

0.10 

.50 

Trace. 

0.44 
Trace. 


May 4 

5. .... . 

7 

8 

11 


3.41 

14.28 

0.30 
.61 

.45 

0.10 

Trace. 


0.96 
.10 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 


4.79 

'5.87 



WENATCHEE, WASH., SECTION. 



1916 
Mav5.. 

" 6.. 

7.. 

8.. 

9.. 
16.. 
20.. 
24.. 
29.. 
30.. 



1 Normal. 



0.09 
.02 

Trace. 
.10 

Trace. 
.01 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.01 
.05 



1916. 
May 31. 



June 3 
18 
20 
22 
23 



0.04 



Trace. 
Trace. 

.17 
Trace. 

.32 



1916. 
June 24. 

25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 



0.06 
Trace. 
.17 
.22 
.06 
Trace. 
.01 



1.04 
1.96 



1916. 
July 2.. 
8.. 
15.. 
16.. 
27.. 



0.99 

Trace. 

Trace. 

.52 

Trace. 



1.51 
1.38 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 51 



Table 16. — Precipitation reports foi sections where samples analyzed were harvested- 

Continued. 

HART, MICH., SECTION. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
0.75 
Trace. 
.15 
.27 
1.27 
.30 
.18 
.06 
.28 
.05 
.07 
.45 



3.83 
13.76 



.70 

.58 



Date. 



1916. 
Junes. 
9. 
14. 
17. 
18. 
23. 
26. 
30. 



July 8 
"13 
16 
20 
22 
25 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
0.72 

.28 
.95 
.45 
.04 
.25 
Trace. 
.97 



4.94 
■2.39 



Trace. 
.15 
2.27 
.53 
.04 
.27 



Date. 



1916. 
July 31.. 



Aug. 3 
4 
5 
6 
10 
13 
26 
30 



Sept. 5. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
Trace. 



3.26 
2.92 



.85 
.13 
.53 
.10 
.16 
.10 
.38 
.25 



2.50 
1 2.42 



.97 



Date. 



1916 
Sept. 7. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
21. 
22. 
26. 
27. 
28. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
0.65 
.05 
.14 
Trace. 
.04 
.18 
.14 
.17 
.07 
.16 
.40 
.14 



3.11 
13.00 







CAMDEN, N. 


J., SECTION. 






1915. 




1915. 




1915. 




1915. 




July 1 


0.19 


July 21 


0.20 


Aug. 7.... 


Trace. 


Sept. 7.... 


Trace. 


2 


.53 


23 


Trace. 


8.,.. 


1.05 


12.... 


0.08 


3 


Trace. 


26 


Trace. 


9.... 


.20 


17.... 


.29 


4 


.08 


27 


.28 


12.... 


.53 


18.... 


Trace - 


5 


Trace. 


29 


1.00 


13.... 


.01 


19.... 


.09 


7 


Trace. 


30 


.01 


15.... 


.05 


.21.... 


.40 


8 

11 

12 

14 


.67 

Trace. 

.64 

.35 








Trace. 

Trace. 
.07 
.03 


26.... 


Trace. 




4.62 
'4.30 


21 ... . 
25.... 
28.... 






.86 
13.74 








15 


Trace. 


Aug. 1.... 


.13 , 


29.... 


1.05 






16 


.27 


2.... 


.02 1 


.30.... 


.74 






17 


.15 


3.... 


.32 














18 


Trace. 


4.... 


2.10 




6.61 






19 


.25 


5.... 


Trace. 




14.59 






20 


Trace. 


6.... 


.31 















ARLINGTON, 


VA., SECTION. 






1916. 




1916. 




1916. 




1916. 




July 2 


0.01 


Aug. 4 


0.13 


Sept. 6.... 


0.06 


Oct. 6 


Trace. 


3 


Trace. 


6.... 


1.46 


/ 


Trace. 


9 


0.03 


9 


.34 


8.... 


.17 


8.... 


.31 


10 


.01 


10 


.73 


9.... 


Trace. 


9.... 


Trace. 


13 


.09 


15 


.04 


13.... 


.19 


14.... 


Trace. 


15 


.02 


16 


Trace. 


16.... 


.30 


15.... 


1.17 


16 


.04 


17 


.03 


23.... 


.05 


18.... 


.18 


17 


Trace. 


19 


.09 


27 


.45 


22.... 


.46 


18 


.05 


20 


Trace. 


28.... 


.08 


23.... 


Trace. 


19 


1.24 


22 


1.67 


30.... 


Trace. 


29.... 


.38 


20 


.02 


24 

25 


.15 

1.85 










31 


.26 




2.83 




2.57 




26 

28 


.02 
.04 




14.40 




13.59 




1.76 
13.09 


Sept. 2.... 


.01 


Oct. 5 


Trace. 












4.97 












• 




14.65 















SALEM, N. J., SECTION. 



1.60 
.34 

.48 
.02 
1.80 
.05 
.90 
.05 



5.24 
1 4.43 



1916. 
Aug. 1.. 
8.. 
11.. 
13.. 
14.. 
27.. 
28.. 



0.05 
.30 
.18 
Trace. 
.08 
.42 
.20 



1.23 
14.74 



1910. 

Sept. 2. 

6. 

7. 



Trace. 

0.20 

.22 

.37 

.32 



1916. 
Sept. 19. 
29., 



0.20 
.52 



1.83 
13. 81 



» Normal. 



52 



BULLETIN 1027^ U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTLTRe. 



Table 16. — Precipitat'on reports for sections where samples analyzed were hnrvested- 

Oontinued . 







NORTH LIBERT"i 


', IND., SECTION. 






Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


r 
Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1915. 
Aug. 2...... 

3 


Inches. 

0.70 
.23 
.05 
.01 
.02 
.40 

1.49 
.04 
.08 
Trace. 
.09 

1.31 
.12 


1915. 
Sept. 7.... 
10.... 
11.... 
12.... 
16.... 
17.... 
18.... 
20.... 
26.... 
27.... 

Oct. 1 

4 

8 

9 

13 


Inches. 

0.01 
.22 
.02 
Trace. 
.74 
.35 
.32 
..54 

1.12 
.09 


1915. 

Oct. 17 

18 

1917. 
Sept. 2.... 

5 

6.... 
7.... 
8.... 
14.... 
20.... 
27.... 

Oct. 3 


Inches. 
0.03 
.10 


1917. 

Oct. 4 

5 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

17 

18 

19 

21 

23 

26 

27 

29 

30 

31..... 


Inches. 
Trace. 
0.13 


5 

6. . . 


1.86 

12.42 


.11 
.06 


11 

12 

13 

16 

17 


.04 
Trace. 
.69 
. 55 
Trace. 
.05 
.10 
.04 


Trace. 

.03 
1.23 
1.20 

.29 


20 

21 

24 


4.21 
13.03 


.07 
.38 
.63 




4.54 
13.26 


.10 
.56 
.13 
.40 
.54 


.14 




1.47 
13.03 


.06 


Sept. 4 


Trace. 
.25 
.55 


Trace. 


o 

6.... 


.15 


5.31 
12.42 



PLYMOUTH, IND., SECTION. 



1916. 

July 2 

12 

13 

14 

19 


Trace. 

0.05 

.51 

.02 

.41 


1916. 

Aug. 7 

10.... 
U.... 
15.... 
16.... 
18.... 
27.... 


0.15 
.04 

1.55 

Trace. 

.02 

.27 

.32 


1916. 
Sept. 1.... 

4 

5.... 
6.... 
13.... 
17.... 


Trace. 
0.19 
2.01 
1.09 

Trace. 

Trace. 


1916. 

Sept. 26 

27.... 
28.... 


0.02 
1.73 

.18 


5.22 
1 3. 27 




.99 
13.38 




2.73 
13.49 




Aug. 4.... 


.38 





EAST WAREHAM, MASS., SECTION. 



Date. 



1916. 
June 4. 



July 3 
4. 
5, 

10. 

14. 

17. 

18. 

21. 

23. 

24. 

26. 

27. 

31. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



0.40 
.18 
.96 
.27 
.19 
.67 
.18 
.68 
.27 
Trace. 
.35 
.65 
.37 



5.17 
12.68 



.78 
.08 
.12 

1.33 
.52 
.15 
.10 
.78 

4.13 
.15 
.49 
.16 
.21 



9.00 
"3.10 



1916. 
Aug. 8.. 
9.. 
10.. 
12.. 
13.. 
24.. 
26.. 
27.. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



0.47 
.24 
.60 

.17 
.29 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.20 
.22 



1916. 

Oct. 21.. 

26.. 



2.19 
1 3. 25 



Sept. 



6.. 

7.. 

9.. 
15.. 
16.. 
19.. 
23.. 
25.. 
30.. 



Oct. 9. 
13 
17 
18 
20 



.12 
.71 
Trace. 
.12 
.50 
.07 
.10 
.13 
.05 
.67 



2.47 
13.56 



.09 
.27 
.11 
Trace. 
1.72 



1917. 
June 2. 
6. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
16. 
17. 
24. 
27. 
29. 



July 1 
4 
12 
13 
15 
19 
27 



Precipita- 
tion. 



0.39 
.27 



2.85 
1 4.18 



Date. 



1917. 

Aug. 3. 

5. 



.28 
2.00 
1.42 
.05 
.62 
1.69 
.23 
.15 
.13 



6.65 
12.68 



Trace. 
.52 
.22 

Trace. 

.08 

.18 

1.23 



2.23 
13.10 



10... 
16... 
17... 
21... 
23... 
24... 
25... 
29... 
30... 



Sept. 8... 
18... 
20... 
24..., 
28... 
30.... 



Precipita- 
tion. 



0.06 
.03 
.07 
.43 
.38 
.95 
.10 
.07 
.03 
.44 
.04 
.70 



3.30 
13.26 



.18 
1.87 
.24 
.02 
.44 
.10 



2.85 
'3.56 



25.02 
14. 18 



' Normal. 



» Total; daily data not reported. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FEUITS AND VEGETABLES. 53 

Table IQ.—Precipitntion reports for sections where samples analyzed were harvested — 

Continued . 

NORTH EAST, PA., SECTION. 



Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1915. 


Inches. 


1916. 


Inches. 


Julvl 


Trace. 


Aug. 22.... 


0.33 


Oct. 18 


0.15 


Sept. 1.... 


0. 16 


2 


0.03 


24.... 


.81 


19 


.02 


4 


.11 


3 


.65 


28 


.21 


21 


Trace. 


5.... 


.16 


4 


.12 


29.... 


.03 


28 


Trace. 


7. . . . 


1.61 


5 


.19 


30.... 


Trace. 


29 


Trace. 


8.... 


.81 




.19 










14.... 


.32 








8 


1.24 




9.28 1 




2.21 


1 15.... 


.01 


11 

12 

15 


.81 
.Mi 
.13 




1 3. 26 j 




13. 80 


16.... 

; 17.... 

18.... 


.01 
.06 
.01 


Sept. 4 


Trace. 


1916. 




16 


.18 


5.... 


.05 


July 2 


.32 


21.... 


.13 


17 


.04 


6.... 


.36 


3 


Trace. 


22.... 


.18 


19 


.08 


8.... 


.07 


4 


Trace. 


23.... 


.16 


21 


.09 


10.... 


.01 


13 


.02 


26.... 


Trace . 


25 


.19 


12.... 


.31 


16 


.01 


2S.... 


.59 


26 


.02 


13-... 


.50 


IS 


Trace. 


29.... 


.15 


28 


.32 


15.... 


1.49 


19 


Trace. 








30 


Trace. 


17 


.15 


20 


Trace. 




4.47 


31 


Trace. 


18.... 


.55 


25 


Trace. 




13.49 






19.... 
21.... 


Trace. 
.11 


31 


04 








5.14 




Oct. 9 


.17 




13.21 


24.... 


.01 




.39 


13 


1.00 






26.... 


.58 




13.21 


16 


.23 






Aiii;. 2.... 


Trace. 










17 


.05 






3.... 


5.40 




4.19 


Aug. 3.... 


Trace . 


19 


.67 


4 


.38 




13.49 


4.... 


.03 


20 


.26 


5.... 


.19 






5.... 


.54 


21 


.07 


7. 


.02 


Oct. 1 


.38 


■S 


.71 


22 


.08 


8 


.01 


2 


.04 


11.... 


Trace. 


25 


.08 


9.... 


.04 


4 


Trace. 


13.. .. 


.49 


28 


.06 


11 


Trace. 


5 


.10 


16.... 


Trace. 


27 


.01 


12.... 


.66 


6 


Trace. 


22.... 


.17 


31 


.20 




.29 


7 


Trace . 


23.... 


Trace. 


i 








14.... 


.07 


8 


.20 


26.... 


Trace. 




2.88 


15.... 


.24 


9 


.28 


27.... 


.75 




'3.80 




.04 


13 


Trace. 
















20.... 


.02 


14 


1.04 




2.69 






21.... 


..M 


15 


Trace. 




13.26 


1 





SANDUSKY, OHIO, SECTION. 



1916. 




1916. 




1916. 




1917 




June 2.... 


0.43 


.A.ug. 3... 


Trace. 


Oct. 8 


0.07 


June 19 


■ n.ii 


3.... 


.12 


4... 


0.03 


9.... 


.11 


21 


Trace. 


4 . . 


.29 


5... 


.02 


12.... 


Trace. 


22 


.12 


6 ... 


.28 


8... 


.48 


13.... 


.28 


23 


.22 


7.... 


.72 


11... 


.81 


16.... 


.07 


26 


Trace. 


8.... 


.01 


16... 


.15 


18.... 


.11 


28 


.18 


9.... 


.34 

.28 


19... 
22... 


Trace. 
.67 


19.... 
20.... 


.42 


29 


• 01 










16.... 


.81 


27... 


.liJ 


21.... 


Trace. 




4.21 




Trace. 






24.... 

25.... 


Trace. 
.01 




1 3. 82 




2.28 












19.... 


.01 

Trace. 

.57 

.17 






27.... 
31.... 


Trace. 
.02 


July 7 

9 

10 

11 


... 1 .08 


20.... 
21.... 
24 


Sept. 2... 


Trace. 


...1 .01 


4... 


Trace. 




1.24 ! 


.03 


26.... 


Trace. 
.08 


5... 


Trace. 
.63 




1 2. 43 ! 


12 
13 
14 
16 
17 
21 
26 


• OS 
09 




8 
14... 

17... 
21... 
22... 
23... 
26... 
27... 
28... 


.12 
. 05 

Trace. 
.01 
.03 

Trace. 
.20 
.09 
.90 


1917. 

June 2 

5 

6 

9.... 
10.... 


2.33 

.66 

.08 

Trace. 


: Trace. 




4.36 
■3.82 


...J -12 

...i Trace. 

1 .05 


July 2.... 


.03 
Trace. 


Trace. 






13.... 
20.... 


.11 

.12 


12.... 
13.... 
14.... 
15.... 


Trace. 

.14 

Trace. 

.28 


Aug. 2 


.46 
13.79 




.26 




2.03 


.01 




13.79 


i I 2. 68 


16.... 


.01 


5 


.20 










17.... 


Trace. 


7 


.12 



1 Normal. 



54 



BULLETIISr 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE, 



Table 16. — Precipitation reports for sections ivhere samples analyzed were harvested.- 

Continued. 

SANDUSKY, OHIO, SECTION^Continued. 



Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1917. 
.\ug. 8.... 
9.... 
13.... 
16.... 
20.... 


Inches. 

0.07 

Trace. 

.54 

.38 

Trace. 

.01 

.03 

1.79 

Trace. 

Trace. 

.50 

.30 

.04 


1917. 
Sept. 2.... 
5.... 
6.... 
7.... 
20.... 
27.... 
29.... 
30.... 


Inches. 

0.02 

.03 

.73 

.23 

Trace. 

1.31 

.02 

Trace. 


1917 

Oct. 2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

11 

12 

14 

17 

18 

19 

22 

23 

24 

26 




Inches. 
0.03 
.67 
.08 
.05 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.02 
.72 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.63 
.85 
.04 
.54 

Trace. 
.18 


1917. 
Oct. 27.... 
28.... 
29.... 
30.... 
31.... 


Inches. 

.24 
0.44 
1.19 
.06 
.03 


22.... 
23.... 
25.... 
27.... 
28.... 
29.... 
30.... 


6.22 
12.43 


2.34 
12.68 






3.99 
13.37 





MOORESTOWN AND BROWN MILLS, N. J., SECTIONS. 



1915 
Apr. 3. 

4. 

6. 
11. 
21. 
23. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 



May 4 
5 
9 
12 
13 
16 
17 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
30 



June 2 
3 
4 
12 
13 
15 
16 
17 
22 
23 
26 
28 



0.69 
.17 
.03 
.73 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.07 
.10 
.55 
.50 



2.84 
1 3.19 



.39 
.69 
.64 
.36 
.42 
.07 
.26 
.70 
1.50 
.15 
.17 
.02 
.06 
.34 



5.77 
14.03 



.63 
.14 
.04 
.14 
1.55 
.44 
.43 
.03 
.45 
.17 
.09 
Trnce. 



4.11 
1 3.80 



1915 
luly 1 
2 
5 
8 
12 
14 
16 
17 
19 
21 
27 
29 
31 



Aug. 1 

3 

4 

6 

8 

9 

12 

15 

25 

28 

29 

30 



Sept. 12. 
18. 
19. 
21. 
26. 



Oct. 1 

5 
7 
8 
14 



0.03 
.37 
.40 

1.04 
.73 
..53 
.97 
.33 
.35 
.10 
.33 
.64 
.06 



5. SS 
1 4.58 



.19 

.27 

2.11 

.21 

.20 

.37 

.47 

04 

.04 

Trace. 

1.05 



5.75 
1 4.74 



.06 
.12 
.13 
.38 
Trace. 



1 3.76 



.44 
.26 
.28 

Trace. 
.65 

Tnce. 



191. '. 

Oct. 15 

16 

27 



1916 
May 4. 

5. 

7. 

9. 
14. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
29. 



June 4 
5 

8 
13 
16 
17 
19 
20 
21 
25 



0.14 
.20 
.40 



2.37 
'3.64 



.03 
.39 
.21 
.43 
Trace. 
.35 
.19 
.03 
..59 
.02 
1.05 
.03 

3. 32 
14.03 



.10 
.17 
1.40 
.15 
.42 
.14 
.06 
.23 
.40 
.26 
.45 



3.' 
i3.i 



1916 
July 10. 
14. 
15. 
17. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23' 
25. 
26. 



Aug. 8 
12 
16 
24 
28 



Sept. 6 
7 
8 
15 
19 
29 
30 



Oct. 13. 
19. 



1 Normal. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FFtUITS AND VEGETABLES. 



55 



Table 16. — Precipitation reports for sections where samples analyzed tvere harvested — 

Continued. 

ROSEWELL, N. MEX., SECTION. 



Date. 



1915. 
Apr. 1. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
13. 
U. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
29. 



May 



June 9. 
10. 
15. 
23. 
25. 
26. 
27. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 

Trace. 

0.01 

.06 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.17 
.27 
.01 
1.44 
3.48 
.23 
.01 
.02 

Trace. 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.09 
.02 
.23 



6.04 
I .49 



.04 
.93 
Trace. 
.01 
.02 
.18 



1.18 
I 1. 17 



.06 
.01 

Trace. 
.06 
.01 

Trace. 

Trace. 



.14 
12.08 



Date. 



1915. 
July 3. 



Aug. 7. 



Sept. 2. 
4. 
14. 
16. 
18. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 

Trace. 

Trace. 

Trace. 
0.04 
.12 
.13 
.01 
.01 
.02 
.01 

Trace. 
.10 
.01 



.45 



Trace. 
.28 
.03 
.23 
.01 
.48 
.01 
.08 
.01 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.52 
.09 
.03 



1.77 
1 1.46 



.09 
.01 
.01 
.08 
.01 
.03 
.22 
.01 
.73 



Date. 



1915. 

Sept. 25. 

29. 



Oct. 



1916. 

Apr. 12. 

13. 

14. 

25. 
26. 
30. 



Mav 1 



June 8. 
12. 
19. 
24. 



July 4. 
6. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
0.39 
.71 



2.29 
12.29 



.09 

.01 

Trace. 

.02 



.12 
11.52 



1.11 
1 .49 



.17 
11.17 



Trace. 

.44 

Trace. 

Trace. 



.44 
12.08 



Trace. 
.68 
.05 

Trace. 
.04 

Trace. 
.01 
.15 



Date. 



1916. 

July 20. 

27. 

28. 

29. 



Aug. 7. 
8. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
27. 
30. 



Sept. 2. 
4. 
10. 
12. 
19. 
30. 



Oct. 10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
16. 
27. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 

Trace. 

0.01 

.02 

.08 



1.04 
13.46 



1.00 

4.57 
.27 
.32 
.06 

1.07 
.30 
.01 
.52 

1.39 

.05 

Trace. 



9.. 56 
11.46 



.01 

Trace. 

Trace. 

.30 

.06 

Trace. 

.37 
1 2. 29 



.01 
.05 



2.31 
1 1. 52 



BENTON HARBOK, MICH., SECTION. 



1915. 

Mav 2. 

3. 

4. 



Trace. 
O.fiO 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.15 
.45 
..50 

Trace. 
.22 
.32 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.30 
.50 
.10 

Trace. 
.90 
.60 
.20 

4.84 
1 3.89 



191' 
June ■; 



July 4. 



0.09 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.24 
.12 

Trace. 
.47 
.08 
.07 

Trace. 
.04 
.08 
.25 
.02 



1.46 
12.95 



.63 
1.20 
.90 
..20 
1.17 




1915. 
Aug. 16. 

21. 
24. 



Sept. 



Trace. 

0.61 

.21 



5.21 
1 2. 23 



.20 

1.12 

.06 

.19 

.70 

Trace. 

.40 

.40 

.60 

1.15 

Trace. 

1.23 

Trace. 

fi705 
1 3. Oil 



'Normal. 



56 BULLETIN 1027, LT. s. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTURE. 



Table 16. — Precipitation reports for sections ivhcrc sdinples analyzed were harvested- 

Continued. 

BENTON HARBOR, MICH., SECTION— Continued. 



Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


Date. 


Precipita- 
tion. 


1915. 

Oct. 4...- 

X.... 

9 

13.... 


Inches. 

0.3o 

Trace. 

.70 

Trace. 

.25 

. 30- 

.22 

.20 


1916. 
May 29.... 
30. . . . 

June 2.... 
3.... 

6 

S 

9 

14.... 

16 

IS.... 

20. . . . 

21 

23.... 

24.... 

26.... 

30.... 


Inches. 
1.06 
. .30 


1916. 
July 16 

28.... 

Aug. 3.... 
5 


Indies. 
0.12 
.39 


1916. 
Sept. 13.... 
22.... 
26.... 

27.... 
28.... 
29.... 

Oct. 9.... 
13.... 

15 

20.... 

21.... 

26'.;;; 
29 


Inches. 
0.30 
.40 

.04 

. 68 
.15 
.38 


7.01 
1 3. 89 


.51 

.2. .52 


18 

19.... 


.23 
.03 
.10 
1.05 
.49 
.04 
.61 1 
.06 
. 05 
.02 
.37 
.12 
.27 
..52 
.05 


.80 


3. 57 
' 3. 06 




1.97 

1 2. 76 


10..-.' .69 
11...., .50 

24 Trono 




.15 
.10 

Trace. 
1.25 
.45 
.12 

Trace. 

Trace. 


1911). 

May ti 

X 

10.... 
13.... 
14.... 
15.... 
19.... 
21.... 
22.... 
26.... 
2S 


.10 
. IX 
. 50 
.40 , 
■ ^^ \ 
.70 
.70 j 
.30 
.70 1 
.70 ' 
.SO 


26.... 
28.... 


.26 
.20 


Sept. 4.... 
5 . . . . 

12;;;; 


2.92 
1 2. 28 


.20 
1.20 
.20 
.02 


2.07 
I 2. 76 


4.01 

' 2. 95 





(;R.\Xr) JUNCTION, COI>0., SECTION. 



1915. 




19!5. 




1916. 




1916. 




May 


2 1.23 


Sei)t. 2 


Trace. 


July 16 


Trace. 


Oct. 1 


O.OS 




2 .92 


3 


0.05 


17 


Trace. 


3 


.10 






4 


.04 
Trace. 


20 

23 




4 


.27 
.06. 


June 1 


.20 


Trace. 


3 


.03 


8 


.02 


24 


Trace. 


6 


.05 


4 


.08 


13 


Trace. 


25 


. .■!3 


7 


.51 


5 


.40 


24 


.03 


26 


.07 


9 


Trace. 


6 


.19 


2.5 


.81 I 


27 


.11 


10 


.51 


9 

IS 


Trace. 
.02 






2M 

29 


01 


11 

14 


.03 
.37 




.95 I 


.02 


28 


Trace. 




' . 95 


30 


Trace. 


15 

IS 


.06. 
.08 




.92 


Oct. 14 


Trace, i 




.76 








' .40 


15 


.01 i 




' ..50 




2.12 
1 .91 


July 5 


.02 




.01 


Aug. 3 


.73 






12 


Trace. 




' .91 


4 


Trace. 






26 

27 


.01 
Trace. 








.10 
.13 


1917. 
May 1 




1916. 




6 


Trace. 


28 


Tra"e. 


May 2 


Trace. 


8 


Trace. 


2 


.02- 


29 


.13 


13 


Trace. 


9 


Trace. 


4 


.01 






18 


Trace. 


12 


.60 


5 


AS. 




. 16 


lu 


.26 


13 


.25 


7 


.01 




' . 50 


20 


.78 


15 


Trace. 


8 


Trace. 






21 

22 


.01 i 
Trace. 


16 


26 


9 




.\ug. 5 


Trace. 


20 


Trace. 


12 


.12 


6 


Tra-e. 






2'> 


.08 


15 


04 






7 


.25 




1.05 


30 


.01 


20 


.07 


11 


Trace. 




' .92 






21 


.11 






Trace. 


1 






2.16 


22 


.24 






15 

16 

22 


. 05 

Tra"e. 

.01 


i Jiuie 5 

IX 


Tra-e. 
Trace. 




.' 1. 04 


23 

25 


.01 
04 


Sept. 2 


Trace. 


26 


OS- 






23 


.0,t 




Trace. 


;) 


.21 


27 


.01 


24 


.Ot 




1 .40 


8 


.01 


28 


.01 


2.5 

26 


.01 
.01 








0- 


29 


.08 


July 5 


Trace. 


17 


Trace. 


30 


.15 


29 


Trace. 


6 


Trace. 
20 


22 

23 


.01 
Tra"e 


31 


.32 




.51 


9 


Trace. 








1 45 










1 1.04 


14 

15 


.01 
.01 




..50 
' . 95 




1.92 









' Normal. 



roiso:xoiTs metals ox sprayed fruits and vegetables. 57 

Taisle 16. — -Prccipiiatinn reports for sections v'here savijiles analyzed were harvested — 

Continued. 

(iRAND JUNCTION, COLO., SECTKJN— Continued. 



Date. Precipita- 
tion. 



1917. ! Inches. 

Juno 1 ; Trace. 

4 0.01 

10 Trace. 

21 , Trace. 



July 5. 
6. 
10. 
20. 
24. 
25. 
26. 



.01 
> .40 



Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 



Date. 



1917. 

July 28.. 

■ 29.. 

30.. 



Aug. 4. 
9. 
10. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
17. 
18. 



Precipita- 
tion. 



Inches. 
Trace. 
0.07 
.21 



Trace. 

Trace. 
.09 
.02 
.22 

Trace. 

Trace. 
.01 



Date. I Precipita- 
tion. 



1917. 
Aug. 26. 

27. 
28. 
31. 



Sept. 



Inches. 

0.01 

Trace. 

.03 

Trace. 



I 1.04 



Trace. 
.01 

Trace. 
.04 
.01 
.01 
.64 



Date. I Precipita- 
tion. 



1917. 
Sept. 12. 
22. 
23. 
25. 
30. 



Inches. 

0.15 

.10 

.02 

.02 

Trace. 

1.00 
1 .95 

Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 

Trace. 
1.91 



GREENWOOD, VA., SECTION. 



1917. 
Apr. 5.... 
8.... 

13 

IS 

21.... 
24.... 
25.... 

27 

28.... 


2.33 
..30 
.44 
Trace. 
.08 
.05 
.12 
.06 
.43 


1917. 
June 1 

5.".".! 

9 

10 

11 

12.... 
14.... 
15.... 
20.... 
23.... 
25.... 

26 

27.... 
28 

Julv 2 

3 

s'.'.'.'.'. 

10 

11 

14 

15 


0.43 
.27 
.03 

1.40 
.22 
.03 
.01 
.38 
.01 
.12 
.64 
.18 
.02 
.38 

1.37 


1917. 
July 16.. 
17.. 
18.. 
21.. 
22.. 
24.. 
25.. 
26.. 




0.16 
.14 
.01 
.05 
.07 
.35 
.48 
.10 


1917. 
Sept. 2.... 

6.... 

7 

8.... 

9.... 
15.... 
16.... 
21.... 
27.... 


O.Oo 
.23 
.58 
.36 
.04 
.19 
.05 
.01 




3.78 
14.89 


. 1 i 




3.81 
13.22 


2.28 
14. 18 




.46 

.01 

1.08 

2.21 

.01 

Trace. 

.13 

2.80 

.73 

.60 

.08 


May 1 

4 

7 

8 

11 


.03 
.78 
.38 
.13 

Trace. 
.02 

Trace. 
.65 
.68 


9.. 
14.. 
15.. 
16.. 
23.. 
24.. 
30.. 
31 






5.49 
15.48 




26 

27 

28 


.36 
.07 
.28 
.81 
.75 
.13 
.02 
Trace. 






2.67 
14.62 












8.11 
15.00 





YAKIMA, WASH., SECTION. 



1919 
Mav 4. 
5. 
11. 
15. 
16. 
25. 



June 9. 
10. 
11. 
13. 



0.04 
.18 

Trace. 
.03 

Trace. 
.33 



.58 

1 .83 



Trace. 

Trace. 

Trace. 

.04 

.04 



1919 
July 5. 
6. 
10. 
11. 
23. 
31. 



Aug. 3. 
30. 
31. 



Trace. 

Trace. 

.03 

Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 



.03 
1 .25 



Trace. 
Trace. 



.08 
1.12 



1919. 
Sept. 4. 

5. 

6. 

8. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
27. 
28. 
30. 



Trace. 

0.05 

.01 

.09 

Trace. 
.44 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.06 



.69 

1 .48 



1919 
Ocl. 1. 
17. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
26. 
31. 



0.12 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 



.12 
.51 



1 Normal. 



58 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

SUMMARY. 

The amounts of arsenic, lead, and copper remaining on mature 
fruits and vegetables which have been sprayed according to various 
schedules were determined in the Bureau of Chemistry. Table 15 
gives the maximum and minimum results. 

Because of overspraying or late spraying, comparatively large 
quantities of spray residues were found in some cases. This em- 
phasizes the importance of spraying according to the schedules rec- 
ommended by the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry. 

The extent of the reduction of spray residues on the mature fruit 
and vegetables by washing and wiping them was determined by a 
series of analyses before and after such treatment . 

When peeled, sprayed fruits and vegetables contain essentially the 
same amounts of arsenic, lead, and copper as the unsprayed products, 
indicating that practically all of the spray residues can be removed 
b}^ peeling. 

From the results reported in this bulletin it is evident that when 
fruits and vegetables are sprayed in accordance with the schedules 
recommended by the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry, but 
little of the material used remains on the fruit or vegetable at har- 
vest time. 

LITERATURE CITED. 

(1) Academy op Medicine (France). 

Proc. Acad. Med., Feb. 18, 1908. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 59 (1908): 246. 

(2) 

Proc. Acad. Med., Feb. 2, 1909. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser.. 61 (1909): 194. 

(3) 

Sur un projet de decret portant modification de I'ordonnance de 1846 
relative a la vente des substances veneneuses. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 
70 (1913): 152. 

(4) ' 

Proc. Acad. Med., Nov. 11, 1913. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 70 (1913): 
368, 369. 

(5) . . 

Proc. Acad. Med., Mar. 3, 1914. Bull. acad. med.. 3 ser., 71 (1914): 
324. 325, 326. 

(6) Alwood, W. B. 

Treatment of diseases of the grape. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 15 (1892): 41. 

(7) Ampola, G., and Tommasi, G. 

I composti di arsenico in agricoltura. Ann. staz. chim. agrar. sper. Roma, 
2 ser., 5 (1911): 241; J. See. Chem. Ind., 31 (1912): 891; Chem. Abst., 7 
(1913): 1255; Exp. Sta. Rec, 30 (1914): 130. 

(8) Andouard, a. 

Le cuivre dans les vins provenant de \dgnes traitees par le sulfate de 
cuivre. Compt. rend., 104 (1887): 195; Bull. soc. nat. agr. (France), 47 
(1887): 40; J. pharm. chim., 5 ser., 15 (1887): 290. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPEAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 59 

(9) Anonymous. 

Spraying fruitsjfor insect pests and fungous diseases. TJ. S. Dept. Agr., 
Farmers' Bull. 7 (1892): 17-20. 

(10) 

Fruit spraying. J. Roy. Hort. Soc, 18 (1895): 185. 

(11) Baker, J. L. 

A resume of the report minutes of evidence and appendices of the Royal 
Commission on Arsenical Poisoning. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 23 (1904): 168. 

(12) Beach, S. A. 

Some celery diseases. N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 51, n. ser. (1893): 146; 
Exp. Sta. Rec, 4 (1892-93): 926. 

(13) Bedini, R. 

I sali arsenicali in frutticultura. L'istria agricola, 3 at. (1910): 538. 

(14) Bertin-Sans, H., and Ros, V. 

L'emploi de I'arsenic en agiiculture ses dangers. Rev. hyg. pol. sanit., 
29 yr. (1907): 193. 

(15) 

A propos de 1' utilisation des composes arsenicaux en agriculture. Rev. 
hyg. pol. sanit., 30 >t. (1908): 281; Exp. Sta. Rec, 20 (1908-09): 459. 

(16) BOUFFARD, M. 

La presence du cuivre metallique dans les vins provenant des \dgnes 
traitees au sulfate de cuivre. Bull, ministere agr. 8 (1887): 832. 

(17) Breteau, p. 

Sur la teneur en arsenic des vins provenant de vignes traitees par les com- 
poses de I'arsenic. J. pharm. chim., 6 ser., 28 (1908): 154; Chem. Abst., 
2 (1908): 3257. 

(18) Brioux and Griffon. 

Les traitements arsenicaux en arboriculture fruitiere. Bull. soc. nat. agr. 
(France), 70(1910): 864. 

(19) Carles, P. 

A propos du cuivre dans les tomates. Repert. pharm., 3 ser., 28 (1917): 
193; Rev. sci., 55 yr. (1917): 183; Chem. Abst., 12 (1918): 192; Exp. Sta. 
Rec, 37(1917): 263. 

(20) and Barthe, L. 

Recherche de I'arsenic de plomb dans des vins, des lies et des p^pins 
provenant de vignes traitees a I'arseniate de plomb. Bull, soc chim., 
4 ser., 11 (1912): 413; Chem. Abst., 6 (1912): 1805; Exp. Sta. Rec, 27 
(1912): 243. 
(21)^Cazeneuve, p. 

Sur les dangers^de l'emploi des insecticides a base arsenicale en agriculture 
au point de vue de I'hygiene publique. Bull acad. med., 3 ser., 69 
(1908): 133, 234. 

(22) 

Proc Acad. Med., Nov. 18, 1913. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 70 (1913): 415. 
(23) Chuard, E.^ 

Observations concernant le mecanisme de 1' introduction et de I'^limina- 
tion du cuivre dans les vins provenant de vignes traitees par les com- 
binaisons cuivriques. Compt. rend., 105 (1887): 1196. 

(24) 

Pr&ence et I'^limination de I'arsenic des \ans. Trav. chim. alim. hyg. 
bur. sanit. fed., 1, (1910): 82. 



60 BULLETIN- 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

(25) COMBONI, E. 

Chemische Untersuchiingen iiber die Weine aus Trauben, die mit kupfer- 
haltigen Schutzmitteln gegen die Peronospora behandelt worden waren. 
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(26) Cook. A. J. 

Two new uses of important insecticides. Proc. 29 Meeting Am. Assoc. 
Adv. Sci. (1880) : 669. 

(27) — 

Experiments with insecticides. Proc. 2 Ann. Meeting Soc. Prom. Agr. 
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(28) Crola.s and Raulin. 

Traitement de la vigne par les sels de cuivre contre le mildew. Compt. 
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(29) CuGiNi, G. 

Ueber die Bekampfung der Peronospora Viticula und den Einfluss der 
Mittel auf die Zusammensetzung des Mostes und Weines. Nat. Bot. 
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(30) Davis. G. C. 

Celery insects. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 102 (1893) :44. 

(31) DucLAUx, E. 

Sur le dosage de tres petites quantites de cuivre et la presence de ce metal 
dans les cacaos et chocolats. Bull. soc. chim. 16 (1871) : 33. 

(32) DUOUET ET AL. 

Proc. Acad. Med., June 28, 1910. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 63 (1910) :657. 
(33) 

Proc. Acad. Med.. Mar. 7, 1911. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 65 (1911) :346. 
(34) : 

Proc. Acad. Med., July 11, 1911. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 66 (1911) : 59. 

(35) DupRE, A. 

On copper in food. Analyst, 2 (1878) : 1. 

(36) Fallot, B. 

Le cuivre dans les vins. Prog. agr. vit., June 16, 1889; through U. S. Dept. 
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(37) Fetel, p. 

De la teneur en arsenic des raisins d'Algerie et en particulier des raisins 
provenant des vignes ayant subi des traitements aux sels arsenicaux. 
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(38) Fletcher, J. 

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(39) Forbes, S. A. 

Spraying apples for the plum curculio. 111. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 108 
(1906) :279; Exp. Sta. Rec. 18 (1906-7) : 160. 

(40) FoRBusH, E. H. 

On the work of extermination of the gypsy moth. Mass. Bd. Agr. 41, Ann. 
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(41) Frechou. 

Le black-rot et les vins des vignes traitees. J. agr. (Barral), 24 yr. (1889): 
649. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 61 

(42) Fruhauf, T., aud Ursic, G. 

Die Bestimmung sehr geringer Mengen Kupfer. Bol. soc. Adriatica sc. 
nat. Trieste, 10:103; through Chem. Centr., 3 ser., 19 yr. (1888): 198; 
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(43) Galippe. 

Sur la presence du cuivre dans les cereales, la farina, le pain et diverees 
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(44) 



Sur la presence du cuivre dans le cacao et dans le chocolat. J. pharm. 
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(45)-, 

Le sulfate de cuivre et le mildew. J. pharm. chim., 5 ser., 16 (1887) :430. 
(46) Galloway, B. T. 

The grape scare in New York. U. S. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. for 1891, p. 375. 
(47) and Fairchild, D. G. 

Copper on the fruit at the time of harvest. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Veg. 
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(48) Garino, E. 

Determination of arsenic in wine made from grapes that had been sub- 
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(49) Garman, H. 

Spraving for codling moth. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 53 (1894) : 125. 
(50) ^ 

The use of arsenites on tobacco. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 53 (1894) : 142. 
(51) 

Insects injurious to cabbage. Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 114 (1904). 
(52) Gautier, a. 

Sur I'emploi des arsenicaux en agriculture. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 
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(53) 

Proc. Acad. Med., Nov. 11, 1913. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 70 (1913) : 370. 
(54) 

Proc. Acad. Med., Mar. 3, 1914. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 71 (1914) :300. 
(55) and Clausmann, P. 

Origines alimentaires de I'arsenic normal chez I'homme. Compt. rend., 
139 (1904) : 101; Exp. Sta. Rec, 16 (1904-05) : 489. 

(56) Gayon, U., and Millardet, A. 

Le cuivre dans la recolte des vignes soumises a divers procedes de traite- 
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(57) GiBBS, H. D., and James, C. C. 

On the occurrence of arsenic in wine. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 27 (1905) : 1484. 

(58) Gillette, C. P. 

Experiments with arsenites. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 10 (1890) :410. 

(59) _ 

Notes and experiments upon injurious insects and insecticides. Iowa 
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(60) GtJNTHER, A. 

Ergebnisse der amtlichen Weinstatistik, Berichtsjahr 1908-1909. Arb. 
Kais. Gesundh., 35 (1910) :1; Exp. Sta. Rec. 24 (1911) : 267. 



62 BULLETIN 102':, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

(61) Heide. C. Von der. 

Analytische Befunde von Mosten iind Weinen aus Trauben der mit Blei- 
arseniat bespritzten Reben. Ber. Kgl. Lehranst. Wein-, Obst- u. Gar- 
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(62) Hoffmann, M. 

Ein Beitrag zur Translokation des Kupfers beim Keltern gekupferter 
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(63) Howard, L. O. 

Progress in economic entomology. U. S.Dept. Agr. 1899 Yearbook, p. 146. 

(64) Kedzte, R. C. 

Influence of Paris green on the potato. Michigan Farmer, .June G. 1872. 

(65)— 

The use of poisons in agriculture. Mich. Bd. Health. 3 Ann. Rpt. (^1875):11. 

(66) — 

Mineral residues in sprayed fruits. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 101 (1893): 
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(67) Kilgore, B. W. 

On the cause and prevention of the injury to foliage by arsenites, together 
with a new and cheap arsenite, and experiments on combining arsenites 
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(68) Kinney, L. F. 

Leaf blight of the pear. R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 27 (1894); Exp. Sta. 
Rec, 5 (1893-94) : 986. 

(69) KRtJGER, F. 

Ueber den Einfluss von Kupfervitriol auf die Vergiirung von Traubenmost 
durch Saccharomyces ellipsoideus. Centr. Bakt. Parasitenk, part 2, 
1 (1895): 64. 

(70) Le Baron, W. 

Second annual report on the noxious insects of the State of Illinois (1872), 
p. 116. 

(71) Lehmann, K. B. 

Hvgienische Studien iiber Kupfer. Arch. Hyg., 24 (1895) : 18. 

(72) ' 

Hygienische Studien iiber Kupfer. Arch. Hyg., 27 (1896): 1; Analyst, 
21 (1896): 290. 

(73) 

Hygienische Studien uber Kupfer. Arch. Hyg., 30 (1897): 250. 

(74) LiBERi, G., Cusmano, A., Marsiglia, T., and Zay, C. 

The presence of copper in tomatoes and tomato preserves. Ann. staz. 
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(75) Lodeman, E. G. 

The spraying of plants (1896), p. 64, 65. MacMillan & Co., New York. 

(76) LucET, A. 

Proc. Acad. Med., Mar. 3, 1914. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 71 (1914): 
299, 311. 
(77)1McElroy, K. p. 

Canned vegetables. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Chem. Bull. 13, part 8 (1893). 
(78) McMurtrie, W. 

The influence of arsenical compounds, when present in the soil, upon veg- 
etation. U. S. Com. Agr. Rpt. for 1875, p. 147. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 63 

\7\)) ^[ACH, E. 

Bericht liber die Ergebnisse der im Jahre 1886 auagefuhrten Versuche zur 
Bekampfung der Perenospora. Tirol. Landw. Bl., 6 (1887): 37, 53; 
through Jahr. Agr. Chem. (Hilger), n. ser., 10 (1887): 270. 

(SO) ^[ALVY. M. 

J. agr. prat., 22 (lOlU : 293. 

(81) ■ 

Decret concernant 1 'importation, le commerce, la detention et 1 'usage dea 
substances veneneuses. Bull, intern, repr. t'raudes, 9 yr. (1916) : 145. 

(82) Mares, R. 

Les bouillies arsenicales et la lutte contre les altises. Rev. vit., 25 (1906): 
426. 

(83) Mathieu, M. 

Recherche de 1 'arsenic sur les raisins et dans les vins. Ann. fals., 5 yr. 
(1912): 78; Chem. Abst., 7 (1913): 204; Exp. Sta. Rec, 26 (1912): 841; 
J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 31 (1912): 295. 

(84) Maynard, S. T. 

The amount of copper on sprayed fruit. Mass. Hatch Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
17 (1892): 38; Exp. Sta. Rec, 3 (1891-92): 865. 

(85) — 

The amount of copper on sprayed fruit. Mass. Hatch Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 

17 (1892): 39; Exp. Sta. Rec, 3 (1891-92): 865. 
<86) Meline, J. 

Instruction pour la vente et 1 'emploi en agriculture de? composes arseni- 

caux. Bull, intern, repr. fraudes, 9 yr. (1916): 157. 

(87) Mestrezat, W. 

La question du danger de 1 "emploi des sels arsenicaux en agriculture. 
J. pharm. chim., 6 ser., 28 (1908): 393; Chem. Abst.. 3 (i909): 1569; Exp. 
Sta. Rec, 20 (1908-09): 959. 

(88) Millardet, a. 

Ann. soc agric Cironde, Apr. 1, 1885, p. 73; through The Spraying o 
Plants, by E. G. Lodeman, p. 27. 



89) 



Sur I'histoire du traitement du mildiou par le sulfate de cuivre. J. agr. 
prat., 2 (1885): 801. 

(90) and Gayon, U. 

Recherche du cuivre sur les vignes traitees par le melange de chaux et de 
sulfate de cuivre, et dans la recolte. Compt. rend., 101 (1885) : 985; 
J. agr. prat., 2 (1885): 732. 
(9.1) Mirman, M. 

Proc Acad. Med., Feb. 2, 1909. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 61 (1909): 194. 
(92) MoREAU, L., and Vinet, E. 

L'arseniate de plomb en viticulture. Compt. rend., 150 (1910) : 787; 
Bull. agr. Algerie et Tunisie, . 6 (1910) : 187; Exp. Sta. Rec, 24 (1911): 
. 168; Ann. chim. anal., 15 (1910): 346; Chem. Abst., 4 (1910): 2539. 
(93) 

<94) 



Sur les traitements insecticides en viticulture. Compt. rend., 151 (1910): 
1068; Exp. Sta. Rec, 25 (1911): 40. 



L'arseniate de plomb en viticulture et la consommation des raisins frais 
et des raisins sec. Compt. rend., 151 (1910): 1147; Ann. chim. anal., 16 
(1911): 94; Chem. Abst., 5 (1911): 1968; Exp. Sta. Rec, 25 (1911): 40-. 



64 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRKJULTURE. 

(95) MoREAu, L., and Vinet, E. 

Comment s'elimine I'arseniate de plomb apporte par la vendange. 
Compt. rend., 152 (1911): 1057; Ghem. Abst., 5 (1911): 2296. 

(96) MOUREU ET AL. ""^ 

Sur 1 'emploi des composes arsenicaux en agriculture considere au point 
de vue de I'hygifene publique. Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 61 (1909): 17; 
L'engrais, 24 (1909): 211; Chem. Abst., 3 (1909): 1569. 

(97) MuNSON, W. M. 

Report of the horticulturist. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. Rpt. for 1891, 
p. 106. 

(98) MUTTELET, C. F. 

L'arseniate de plomb en viticulture. Ann. fals., 9 yr. (1916): 298; Chem. 
Abst., 11 (1917): 684; Exp. Sta. Rec, 36 (1917): 537. 

(99) MuTTELET, F., and Touplain, F. 

L'arseniate de plomb en viticulture. Ann. fals., 5 yr. (1912) : 9; Chem. 
Abst., 6 (1912): 910. 

(100) Odling, W., and Dupre, A. 

On the existence of copper in organic tissues. Guy's Hospital Reports. 3 
ser., 4 (1858): 103. 

(101) O'Gara, p. J. 

Presence of arsenic in fruit sprayed with arsenate of lead. Science, n. ser., 
33 (1911) : 900; Chem. Abst., 6 (1912): 898; Exp. Sta. Rec, 25 (1911): 642. 

(102) O'Kane, W. C, Hadley, C. H., and Osgood, W. A. 

Arsenical residues after spraying. N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 183 (1917); 
Exp. Sta. Rec, 38 (1918): 54; Chem. Abst., 11 (1917): 2836. 

(103) Ormerod, Eleanor A. 

Notes of the season. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Per. Bull., Insect Life, 
4 (1891-92): 36. 

(104) Papasogli, G. 

Anwendung der Kupfersalze auf die Weinstocke und hierauf bezugliche 
Betrachtungen. L'Orosi, 10 (1887): 369; through Chem. Centr., 3 ser., 
19 yr. (1888): 234. 

(105) Penny, C. L. 

Several articles of food known to be healthful found to contain small 
quantities of copper. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. 2 Ann. Rpt. (1889): 172; 
Exp. Sta. Rec, 2 (1890-91): 324. 

(106) 

Copper on grapes. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta. 3 Ann. Rpt. (1890): 149; Exp. Sta. 
Rec, 3(1891-92): 690. * 

(107) Perrett, M. 

Le sulfate de cuivre contre le phylloxera et le mildiou. J. agr. prat., 2 
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(108) POLACCI, E. 

Ueber eine chemische Thatsache, welche beweist, dass Schwefelsaures 
Kupfer aus den Trauben nur in ganz geringen Mengen in den Wein 
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pfung der Perenospera vorgeschlagene Mittel. Rendi. ist. Lombardo, 
20: 413; through Chem. Centr., 3 ser., 18 yr. (1887): 939. 

(109) PoPENOE, E. A., and Mason, S. C. 

Second report on the experimental vineyard. Kan. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28 
(1891): 166; Exp. Sta. Rec, 3 (1891-92): 788. 



POISONOUS METALS ON SPRAYED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 65 

(110) PORCHET, F. 

Les traitements culturaux aux sels d'arsenic et I'hygifene alimentaire. 
Trav. chim. alim. hyg. bur. sanit. fM., 1 (1910): 79; Schweiz. Wochschr., 
48 yr. (1910): 694; Chem. Abst., 5 (1911): 754. 

(111) QUANTIN, H. 

Sur la reduction du sulfate de cuivre pendant la fermentation du vin. 
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(112) RiCHE, A. 

Sur les dangers de I'emploi des insecticides a base arsenicale en agriculture. 
Bull. acad. med., 3 ser., 59 (1908): 192, 244. 

(113) Riley, C. V. 

Potato pests, p. 67. Orange Judd Co., New York (1876). 

(114) Rising, W. B. 

Report of the State Analyst for 1887. Ann. Rpt. Bd. Calif. State ^' it. Com. 
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(115) Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning. 

Final Report, p. 36. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London (1903). 

(116) Scribner, F. Lamson. 

Fungous diseases of plants. Rpt. U. S. Com. Agr. for 1885, p. 84. 

(117) Selby, a. D. 

The relation of grape spraying to public health. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
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(118) Sestini, F., and Tobler, O. 

Ueber das Kupfer welches Weine enthalten, die aus mit Kupfersalzen 
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(119) Sonntag, G. 

Zu der Verwendung von Arsen und Blei enthaltenden Pflanzenschutzmit- 
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(120) Spallino, R. 

Sulla presenza del bario e dell' arseflico nei tabacchi lavorati italiani. 
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(121) SZAMEITAT, A. 

Analytische Befunde von Mosten und Weineu aus Trauben der mit Arsen- 

verbindungen bespritzten Reben. Ber. Kgl. Lehranst. Wein-, Obst- u. 

Gartenbau Geisenheim (1907), p. 176; Exp. Sta. Rec, 20 (1908-09): 

1163; Chem. Abst., 3 (1909): 685. 

(122) 

Vorkommen des Arsens in deutschen Weinen. Ber. Kgl. Lehranst. Wein-, 

Obst- u. Gartenbau Geisenheim (1907), p. 180; Exp. Sta. Rec, 20 (1908- 

09): 1163; Chem. Abst., 3 (1909): 685. 

(123) Teyxeira, G. 

Ueber die Behandlung des Liebesapfels (der Tomate) mit Kupferverbin- 
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(124) Trofimenko, M., and Obiedoff, S. 

Le vin des raisins traites aux arseniates. Prog. agr. vit., 65 (1916): 331; 
Bull. Agr. Intelligence, 7 yr. (1916): 1023; Chem. Abst., 11 (1917): 2383. 



66 BULLETIN 1027, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUEE. 

(125) Truelle, a. 

L'emploi des compose^ arsenicaux en arboriculture aux Etats-Unis. 
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(126) 

L'emploi des insecticides arsenicaux en Angleterre. J. agr. prat., n. ser. , 
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(127) TscHiRCH, A. 

Das Kupfer, ]^. 133. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart (LS93). 

(128) Van Slyke, L. L. 

Analy.-^es of sprayed grapes. N. Y. Agr. Exj). Sta. Bull. 41 (1892): 5(5; 
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(129) Weed, C. M. 

The comV)ination of insecticides and fungicides. (Jhio Agr. Exp. Sta. 
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(130) Weiss, M. 

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(131) Wheeler, H. J. 

Grapes sprayed with Bordeaux. R. I. Agr. Exp. Sta. 4 Ann. Rjit. (1892): 
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(132) Wheeler, .1. H. 

Some pests and diseases of the vine, with remedies. Ri)t. 6 Ann. Calif. 
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(133) Woods, C. D. 

Analyses for poison of apples sprayed with arsenate of lead in mid-summer. 
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(134) Zecchini and R.wizza. 

Copper in wine. Staz. sper. agrar. ital. 16 (1889): 73; throv(j]i J. Soc. 
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